68 research outputs found
Use of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment terrestrial water storage retrievals to evaluate model estimates by the Australian water resources assessment system
Terrestrial water storage (TWS) estimates retrieved from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission were compared to TWS modeled by the Australian Water Resources Assessment (AWRA) system. The aim was to test whether differences could be attributed and used to identify model deficiencies. Data for 2003-2010 were decomposed into the seasonal cycle, linear trends and the remaining de-trended anomalies before comparing. AWRA tended to have smaller seasonal amplitude than GRACE. GRACE showed a strong (>15 mm yr -1) drying trend in northwest Australia that was associated with a preceding period of unusually wet conditions, whereas weaker drying trends in the southern Murray Basin and southwest Western Australia were associated with relatively dry conditions. AWRA estimated trends were less negative for these regions, while a more positive trend was estimated for areas affected by cyclone Charlotte in 2009. For 2003-2009, a decrease of 7-8 mm yr -1 (50-60 km 3 yr -1) was estimated from GRACE, enough to explain 6%-7% of the contemporary rate of global sea level rise. This trend was not reproduced by the model. Agreement between model and data suggested that the GRACE retrieval error estimates are biased high. A scaling coefficient applied to GRACE TWS to reduce the effect of signal leakage appeared to degrade quantitative agreement for some regions. Model aspects identified for improvement included a need for better estimation of rainfall in northwest Australia, and more sophisticated treatment of diffuse groundwater discharge processes and surface-groundwater connectivity for some regions
Use of GRACE Terrestrial Water Storage Retrievals to Evaluate Model Estimates by the Australian Water Resources Assessment System
Terrestrial water storage (TWS) estimates retrievals from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission were compared to TWS modeled by the Australian Water Resources Assessment (AWRA) system. The aim was to test whether differences could be attributed and used to identify model deficiencies. Data for 2003 2010 were decomposed into the seasonal cycle, linear trends and the remaining de-trended anomalies before comparing. AWRA tended to have smaller seasonal amplitude than GRACE. GRACE showed a strong (greater than 15 millimeter per year) drying trend in northwest Australia that was associated with a preceding period of unusually wet conditions, whereas weaker drying trends in the southern Murray Basin and southwest Western Australia were associated with relatively dry conditions. AWRA estimated trends were less negative for these regions, while a more positive trend was estimated for areas affected by cyclone Charlotte in 2009. For 2003-2009, a decrease of 7-8 millimeter per year (50-60 cubic kilometers per year) was estimated from GRACE, enough to explain 6-7% of the contemporary rate of global sea level rise. This trend was not reproduced by the model. Agreement between model and data suggested that the GRACE retrieval error estimates are biased high. A scaling coefficient applied to GRACE TWS to reduce the effect of signal leakage appeared to degrade quantitative agreement for some regions. Model aspects identified for improvement included a need for better estimation of rainfall in northwest Australia, and more sophisticated treatment of diffuse groundwater discharge processes and surface-groundwater connectivity for some regions
Evaluation of precipitation estimation accuracy in reanalyses, satellite products, and an ensemble method for regions in Australia and south and east Asia
Precipitation estimates from reanalyses and satellite observations are routinely used in hydrologic applications, but their accuracy is seldom systematically evaluated. This study used high-resolution gauge-only daily precipitation analyses for Australia (SILO) and South and East Asia [Asian Precipitation-Highly-Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation (APHRODITE)] to calculate the daily detection and accuracy metrics for three reanalyses [ECMWF Re-Analysis Interim (ERA-Interim), Japanese 25-yr Reanalysis (JRA-25), and NCEP-Department of Energy (DOE) Global Reanalysis 2] and three satellite-based precipitation products [Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42V6, Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH), and Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Imagery Using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN)]. A depthfrequency- adjusted ensemble mean of the reanalyses and satellite products was also evaluated. Reanalyses precipitation from ERA-Interim in southern Australia (SAu) and northern Australasia (NAu) showed higher detection performance. JRA-25 had a better performance in South and East Asia (SEA) except for the monsoon period, in which satellite estimates from TRMM and CMORPH outperformed the reanalyses. In terms of accuracy metrics (correlation coefficient, root-mean-square difference, and a precipitation intensity proxy, which is the ratio of monthly precipitation amount to total days with precipitation) and over the three subdomains, the depth-frequency-adjusted ensemble mean generally outperformed or was nearly as good as any of the single members. The results of the ensemble show that additional information is captured from the different precipitation products. This finding suggests that, depending on precipitation regime and location, combining (re)analysis and satellite products can lead to better precipitation estimates and, thus,more accurate hydrological applications than selecting any single product
Empirical upscaling of OzFlux eddy covariance for high-resolution monitoring of terrestrial carbon uptake in Australia
We develop high-resolution (1âkm) estimates of gross primary
productivity (GPP), ecosystem respiration (ER), and net ecosystem exchange
(NEE) over the Australian continent for the period January 2003 to June 2022
by empirical upscaling of flux tower measurements. We compare our estimates
with nine other products that cover the three broad categories that define
current methods for estimating the terrestrial carbon cycle and assess if
consiliences between datasets can point to the correct dynamics of
Australia's carbon cycle. Our results indicate that regional empirical
upscaling greatly improves upon the existing global empirical upscaling
efforts, outperforms process-based models, and agrees much better with the
dynamics of CO2 flux over Australia as estimated by two regional
atmospheric inversions. Our nearly 20-year estimates of terrestrial carbon
fluxes revealed that Australia is a strong net carbon sink of â0.44âPgCâyrâ1 (interquartile range, IQRâ=â0.42âPgCâyrâ1) on average, with an inter-annual variability of
0.18âPgCâyrâ1 and
an average seasonal amplitude of 0.85âPgCâyrâ1. Annual mean carbon uptake
estimated from other methods ranged considerably, while carbon flux
anomalies showed much better agreement between methods. NEE anomalies were
predominately driven by cumulative rainfall deficits and surpluses,
resulting in larger anomalous responses from GPP than ER. In contrast, we
show that the long-term average seasonal cycle is dictated more by the
variability in ER than GPP, resulting in peak carbon uptake typically
occurring during the cooler, drier austral autumn and winter months. This
new estimate of Australia's terrestrial carbon cycle provides a benchmark
for assessment against land surface model simulations and a means for
monitoring of Australia's terrestrial carbon cycle at an unprecedented
high resolution. We call this new estimate of Australia's terrestrial carbon
cycle âAusEFluxâ (Australian Empirical Fluxes).</p
High Density Fabrication Process for Single Flux Quantum Circuits
We implemented, optimized and fully tested over multiple runs a
superconducting Josephson junction fabrication process tailored for the
integrated digital circuits that are used for control and readout of
superconducting qubits operating at millikelvin temperatures. This process was
optimized for highly energy efficient single flux quantum (ERSFQ) circuits with
the critical currents reduced by factor of ~10 as compared to those operated at
4.2 K. Specifically, it implemented Josephson junctions with 10 uA unit
critical current fabricated with a 10 uA/um2 critical current density. In order
to circumvent the substantial size increase of the SFQ circuit inductors, we
employed a NbN high kinetic inductance layer (HKIL) with a 8.5 pH/sq sheet
inductance. Similarly, to maintain the small size of junction resistive shunts,
we used a non-superconducting PdAu alloy with a 4.0 ohm/sq sheet resistance.
For integration with quantum circuits in a multi-chip module, 5 and 10 um
height bump processes were also optimized. To keep the fabrication process in
check, we developed and thoroughly tested a comprehensive Process Control
Monitor chip set.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, 1 tabl
Potential mechanical transmission of Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) by the stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) through regurgitation and defecation.
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral disorder of cattle caused by the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) which can induce severe infections leading to high economic losses. Being of African origin, the first LSD outbreaks in Europe occurred in Greece and later in the Balkan region. Little is known about the mode of transmission, especially in relation to the potential role of arthropods vectors. The purpose of our study was to investigate the role of Stomoxys calcitrans in the transmission of LSDV and their presence at different farms in Switzerland. Laboratory-reared flies were exposed to LSDV spiked-blood and incubated under a realistic fluctuating temperature regime. Body parts, regurgitated blood, and faecal samples were analysed by qPCR for the presence of viral DNA and infectious virus at different time points post-feeding (p.f.). LSDV DNA was detected in heads, bodies, and regurgitated blood up to three days p.f. and up to two days p.f. in the faeces. Infectious virus was isolated from bodies and faeces up to two days and in the regurgitated blood up to 12âŻh p.f. There was no increase in viral load, consolidating the role of S. calcitrans as mechanical vectors for LSDV. Stomoxys flies were present at all eight farms investigated, including a farm located at 2128âŻm asl. The persistence of LSDV in S. calcitrans in combination with the long flight ranges of this abundant and widespread fly might have implications on LSD epidemiology and on implementing control measures during disease outbreaks
Remotely sensed reservoir water storage dynamics (1984â2015) and the influence of climate variability and management at a global scale
Many thousands of large dam reservoirs have been constructed worldwide during the last 70 years to increase reliable water supplies and support economic growth. Because reservoir storage measurements are generally not publicly available, so far there has been no global assessment of long-term dynamic changes in reservoir water volumes. We overcame this by using optical (Landsat) and altimetry remote sensing to
reconstruct monthly water storage for 6695Â reservoirs worldwide between
1984 and 2015. We relate reservoir storage to resilience and vulnerability
and investigate interactions between precipitation, streamflow, evaporation, and reservoir water storage. This is based on a comprehensive analysis of streamflow from a multi-model ensemble and as observed at ca. 8000 gauging stations, precipitation from a combination of station, satellite and forecast data, and open water evaporation estimates. We find reservoir storage has diminished substantially for 23â% of reservoirs over the three decades, but increased for 21â%. The greatest declines were for dry basins in southeastern Australia (â29â%), southwestern USA (â10â%), and eastern Brazil (â9â%). The greatest gains occurred in the Nile Basin (+67â%), Mediterranean basins (+31â%) and southern Africa (+22â%). Many of the observed reservoir changes could be explained by changes in precipitation and river inflows, emphasizing the importance of multi-decadal precipitation changes for reservoir water storage. Uncertainty in the analysis can come from, among others, the relatively low Landsat imaging frequency for parts of the Earth and the simple geo-statistical bathymetry model used. Our results also show that there is generally little impact from changes in net evaporation on storage trends. Based on the reservoir water balance, we deduce it is unlikely that water release trends dominate global trends in reservoir storage dynamics. This inference is further supported by different spatial patterns in water withdrawal and storage trends globally. A more definitive conclusion about the impact of changes in water releases at the global or local scale would require data that unfortunately are not publicly available for the vast majority of reservoirs globally.</p
Using modelled discharge to develop satellite-based river gauging: a case study for the Amazon Basin
River discharge measurements have proven invaluable to
monitor the global water cycle, assess flood risk, and guide water resource
management. However, there is a delay, and ongoing decline, in the
availability of gauging data and stations are highly unevenly distributed
globally. While not a substitute for river discharge measurement, remote
sensing is a cost-effective technology to acquire information on river
dynamics in situations where ground-based measurements are unavailable. The
general approach has been to relate satellite observation to discharge
measured in situ, which prevents its use for ungauged rivers. Alternatively,
hydrological models are now available that can be used to estimate river
discharge globally. While subject to greater errors and biases than
measurements, model estimates of river discharge do expand the options for
applying satellite-based discharge monitoring in ungauged rivers. Our aim
was to test whether satellite gauging reaches (SGRs), similar to virtual
stations in satellite altimetry, can be constructed based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) optical
or Global Flood Detection System (GFDS) passive microwave-derived surface water extent fraction and
simulated discharge from the World-Wide Water (W3) model version 2. We
designed and tested two methods to develop SGRs across the Amazon Basin and
found that the optimal grid cell selection method performed best for
relating MODIS and GFDS water extent to simulated discharge. The number of
potential river reaches to develop SGRs increases from upstream to
downstream reaches as rivers widen. MODIS SGRs are feasible for more river reaches
than GFDS SGRs due to its higher spatial resolution. However, where they
could be constructed, GFDS SGRs predicted discharge more accurately as
observations were less affected by cloud and vegetation. We conclude that
SGRs are suitable for automated large-scale application and offer a
possibility to predict river discharge variations from satellite
observations alone, for both gauged and ungauged rivers.</p
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