Critical review in transmembrane electro-chemisorption technology for ammonia recovery from wastewater

In view of water eutrophication, global energy crisis and the carbon neutrality policies, the ammonia recovery from wastewater with high efficiency and low energy consumption is crucial for preserving the ecological environment and achieving sustainable development. Transmembrane electro-chemisorption (TMECS), which integrates transmembrane chemisorption with electrochemical systems to reduce the addition of chemicals and improve recovery efficiency, is a promising technology for ammonia recovery from wastewater. Accordingly, this paper first reviews the recent advances in TMECS for ammonia recovery from wastewater. In particular, the technology principles, including ammonia stripping by cathodic base, ammonia recovery by TMECS with authigenic acid and base, and ammonia recovery by membrane cathode with in situ cathodic base are elucidated. Couplings of TMECS with other electrochemical systems, including electrodialysis, flow-electrode capacitive deionization, and electrochemical precipitation, are further summarized and compared. Finally, the challenges and prospects of the TMECS technology are addressed.</p

Additional file 2: Figure S2. of Duck enteritis virus (DEV) UL54 protein, a novel partner, interacts with DEV UL24 protein

WB analyzed the expression of UL24-fusion protein and UL54-fusion protein in HEK293T cells. HEK293T cells were transfected with eukaryotic plasmid pCMV-myc, pCMV-myc-UL24, and pCMV-Flag-UL54 respectively. At 48 h post-infection, the 293 T cell extracts were carried out Western blotting analysis, which indicated that myc-UL24 and Flag-UL54 was expressed in 293 T cells and the molecular mass of fusion protein is about 45 KD, 50.5 KD respectively. Primary Abs against myc-UL24 and Flag-UL54 were serums of rabbit against UL24 and mouse against Flag respectively. (PDF 44 kb

RELATEC : Revista latinoamericana de tecnología educativa

Resumen en inglésResumen basado en el de la publicaciónLa formación universitaria está viviendo uno de esos momentos donde el cambio se institucionaliza y hay que afrontar nuevos retos, básicamente impuestos. En ellos los docentes tendremos que asumir una modificación de nuestras percepciones y estar unidos para trabajar y converger en la universidad del Siglo XXI. Entendemos que es necesario el cambio, siempre y cuando lleve consigo un nuevo modelo de formación en el que el alumnado sea el protagonista de sus aprendizajes y el profesorado se convierta en facilitador de esos procesos. Para ello, deberá introducir nuevas formas de trabajo, tutoría, evaluación y seguimiento en las clases, bien empleando las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (TIC) como apoyo al proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, o incorporando nuevos materiales didácticos que favorezcan el aprendizaje autónomo del alumno y el desarrollo de competencias genéricas y específicas para su futuro profesional. Se expone desde la perspectiva transversal de los participantes, las principales conclusiones extraídas del proyecto: Análisis y Estudio de Experiencias Colaborativas Apoyadas en E-Learning para el Espacio Europeo de Enseñanza Superior en la Universidad de Valladolid. (Curso 2007-2008). A lo largo del artículo analizaremos los puntos fuertes y débiles, los aciertos, los problemas y las soluciones comunes en relación con el uso de las TIC respecto a las distintas experiencias evaluadas. Todo ello, con la intención de promover sugerencias a un planteamiento común en su integración de cara a mejorar y facilitar el proceso formativo y adaptación a los criterios propuestos desde el EEESES

Additional file 1: Figure S1. of Preliminary study of the UL55 gene based on infectious Chinese virulent duck enteritis virus bacterial artificial chromosome clone

Schematic illustration of the strategy used to construct transfer vector pUC18/EGFP-TKAB-BAC11. The number in circle indicated different cloning steps. ❶: Cloning of EGFP into pUC18 for constructing pUC18/EGFP. ❷❸: TKA and TKB were amplified from DEV CHv and subsequently cloned into pUC18-EGFP to generate pUC18/EGFP-TKAB. ❹: Linearized pUC18/EGFP-TKAB and BAC Mini-F sequence donor pBeloBAC11 were obtained by Sph I digestion. ❺: Transfer vector pUC18/EGFP-TKAB-BAC11 harboring the homologous regions of TK insertion site, mini-F sequence of BAC and a cellular screening marker EGFP was generated after ligation. (PDF 534 kb

Comparative study of virus-host interactions mediated by attenuated and virulent strains in the spleen.

<p>HE, single staining of the viral capsid, 2A2, 2A3, 3C and 3D and double staining of the viral capsid and CD4+ or CD8+ positive cells was performed to compare the pathological changes, viral protein expression levels and the Th or Tc cell responses caused by the diversity of virulence. The positive staining of the viral capsid, 2A2, 2A3, 3C and 3D was visualized as bluish violet, while the double staining of the viral capsid and CD4+ or CD8+ was identified as red or brown, respectively. The negative control (-) refers to standard HE staining and single and double IHC staining without primary antibody. The relative expression levels of immune-related genes were calculated using the 2^-ΔΔCt method. The error bars represent standard errors of the mean. Statistically significant differences induced by attenuated and virulent strains between the mean gene expression levels were determined by one-way ANOVA. *<i>P</i> < 0.05, **<i>P</i> < 0.01 or ***<i>P</i> < 0.001 indicate the level of statistical significance of differences between the different groups.</p

Comparative analysis of virus-host interactions caused by a virulent and an attenuated duck hepatitis A virus genotype 1

<div><p>Because of their better immunogenicity and the improved protection they afford, live attenuated vaccines derived from serial passaging in an abnormal host are widely used to protect humans or animals from certain pathogens. Here, we used a virulent and a chicken embryo-attenuated duck hepatitis A virus genotype 1 to compare the different regulated immune responses induced by viruses with differing virulence. In this study, the attenuated strains had lower protein expression levels than the virulent strains as identified by immunohistochemistry. This may be caused by apparent codon usage bias selected during passage. Furthermore, lower translation efficiency led to decreased viral replication, which is highly dependent on non-structural viral protein expression. Although the two strains had differing levels of virulence, both could induce strong innate immune responses and robust Tc or Th cell populations during the early stages of the immune response. However, due to fixed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) selected by passage, the virulent and attenuated strains may induce differing immune responses, with stronger Tc cell immunity induced by the attenuated strain in the spleen and thymus and stronger Tc cell immunity induced by the virulent strain in the liver, lung, bursa of Fabricius and Harderian gland. Four immune related genes (RIG-1, MDA5, IFN-β, and IL-6) were highly differentially expressed in the Harderian gland, bursa of Fabricius and thymus. This study has provided further information about differences in virus-host interactions between duck hepatitis A viruses of differing virulence.</p></div

Overview of virus-host interactions induced by attenuated and virulent strains at early stages of the immune response [50].

<p>Different trends in Tc or Th cell immune responses were induced by attenuated (A) and virulent (V) strains, and the red or green colors represent the major or minor trends of immune responses. The shade represents the level of each immune trend. Virus-associated ssRNA or dsRNA was recognized by TLR7 or alternatively activated TLR3, RIG-1 and MDA5, which are vital for the production of inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons through the NF-κB, IRF3/7 or MAPK signaling pathways. Meanwhile, the viral capsid and nonstructural proteins were translated in the host cell and presented by MHC-I or MHC-II on the surface of APCs. Then, CD8+ Tc or CD4+ Th cells were activated by antigen-MHC-I or antigen-MHC-II molecules, which were stimulated by IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-γ.</p

Expression pattern of PRRs in different organs.

<p>The relative expression levels of TLR7, TLR3, RIG-1 and MDA5 were calculated by the 2^-ΔΔCt method. The error bars represent standard errors of the mean. Statistically significant differences between the mean gene expression levels in different organs were determined by one-way ANOVA (<i>P</i> < 0.05). *<i>P</i> < 0.05, **<i>P</i> < 0.01 or ***<i>P</i> < 0.001 indicate the level of statistical significance of differences between different groups.</p

Overview of differentially regulated genes mediated by attenuated and virulent strains.

<p>A) The relative expression levels of immune-related genes in the blood were calculated using the 2^-ΔΔCt method. The error bars represent standard errors of the mean. Statistically significant differences induced by attenuated and virulent strains between the mean gene expression levels were determined by one-way ANOVA. *<i>P <</i> 0.05, **<i>P</i> < 0.01 or ***<i>P</i> < 0.001 indicate the level of statistical significance of differences between the different groups. B) The frequencies of differentially regulated genes in all selected tissues and specific tissues are shown as a Rader map (left and right).</p

Expression patterns of interferons in different organs.

<p>The relative expression level of IFN-α, IFN-β and IFN-γ were calculated using the 2^-ΔΔCt method. The error bars represent standard errors of the mean. Statistically significant differences between the mean gene expression levels in different organs were determined by one-way ANOVA (<i>P</i> < 0.05). *<i>P</i> < 0.05, **<i>P</i> < 0.01 or ***<i>P</i> < 0.001 indicate the level of statistical significance of differences between different groups.</p