In vitro Adoption and Propagation of High Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) Virus Subtype H5N1 in non-avian Host System

The paradigmatic, fatal and devastating ailment called avian influenza or bird flu is a highly contagious viral disease caused by type A influenza virus, It primarily affects the respiratory, digestive and/or nervous system of chickens, turkeys, guinea fowls and other avian species and less commonly pigs and other species of mammals including human. In India, The first pandemic outbreak of Avian Influenza was reported during 2006. In this study, we selected an isolate of high pathogenic avian influenza (A/Ck/Jalgaon/India/12419/2006) H5N1 virus and propagated in chicken embryo fibroblast. Later this virus was adopted and propagated in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK) and Vero cells. Infected non-avian cells with an avian virus shown cytopathic effects like rounding, cytoplasmic elongation, syncytia formation and later stages fluffing from the attached surface. The harvested virus suspension shown increased haemagglutination titre (HA) than viral suspension from chicken embryo fibroblast culture and the presence of virus was confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The obtained result reveals that virus had capacity to adopt for the invitro culture and propagate in non avian host cells with higher titre. This infers the chance of virus to cross the host barrier and probable chance of infection in human being

Hemorrhagic Septicemia in Asian Elephants <i>Elephas maximus</i> in Karnataka state, India

The wild animal’s health is of serious biodiversity concern and influenced by several factors like infectious, nutritional, environmental, behavioral and physiological factors. Among which infectious agents are crippling the wild life in terms of huge mortality and morbidity and terminating the life of several endangered species. The most common occurrence and Hemorrhagic Septicemia (HS) or Pasturellosis has long been recognized as a serious disease in elephants. The present study revealed the occurrence of Hemorrhagic Septicemia (HS) in three national parks of Karnataka state among elephants. The disease was diagnosed based on the clinical signs, gross lesions, histopathology and microbiological findings

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Not AvailableAutosomal microsatellite markers allow estimation of expected heterozygosity and allele frequencies which may reveal the effects of genetic isolation, inbreeding, introgression and subdivision within livestock breeds. In the present study, 7 buffalo breeds (Bhadawari, Jaffrabadi, Murrah, Mehsana, Nagpuri, Pandharpuri and Surti) were studied using a panel of eight microsatellite markers selected based on polymorphic information content (PIC) for buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) species as per the guidelines of Food and Agricultural Organization. Frequency of breedspecific alleles was found lower in all the breeds studied; 4 out of 49 alleles showed a frequency of 8% while only one allele showed >10% frequency. In the present study, highest genetic distance was observed between Murrah and Surti (0.896) indicating their isolated breeding over several generations.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe effect of Fe-methionine and Zn-methionine supplementation on growth performance, blood-biochemical parameters and serum mineral concentration was carried out in a total of 600 day old Japanese quail chicks allotted to five treatment groups (T1 to T5) of 120 chicks each. The treatments were further subdivided equally into four replicates consisting of 30 birds. Control diet (T1) was formulated by incorporating inorganic iron (FeSO4) and zinc (ZnSO4) according to NRC (1994) specifications. For each of the treatments, inorganic Fe and Zn of the control diet were replaced by organic Fe (Fe-methionine) and Zn (Zn-methionine) at recommended level (T2), twice (T3), thrice (T4) and four (T5) times of the NRC (1994) recommendations. All the five experimental diets were iso-nitrogenous (24% CP) and isocaloric (2900 Kcal/kg ME). Cumulative body weight gain during the experimental span of six weeks was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T5 compared to control group. However, cumulative feed intake and FCR remained non-significant among all the treatment groups. The hemoglobin (%) and PCV (%) were highest (P<0.05) in higher level of Fe-methionine and Zn-methionine supplemented groups (T5) and RBC count was highest in T4 group. Total protein (g/dl), cholesterol and glucose (mg/dl) concentration in serum were significantly (P<0.05) higher in T4 group. The albumin (g/dl) concentration was lowest (P<0.05) in birds fed with control diet than other dietary groups. Zn (mg/dl) content in the serum was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T3 Fe (mg/dl), Ca (mg/dl) and P (mg/dl) in T4 Mg (mg/dl) in T5 groups. The relative bioavailability value (RBV) of Fe and Zn from Fe-methionine and Zn-methionine determined from tibia iron and zinc concentrations was 130% and 139% assuming the RBV 100 per cent for Fe and Zn from inorganic sources. The study revealed that supplementation of Fe-methionine and Znmethionine up to three times of NRC (1994) recommendations have beneficial effect on growth performance and minerals utilization in Japanese quails.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableA study was conducted on isolation and confirmation of leptospira canicola from the aborted bovine foetus. Out of the 24 aborted bovine samples subjected for isolation, one sample has yielded the growth after two weeks of inoculation. The conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using G1G2 and LipL32 primers have shown the amplicon size of 285 bp and 756 bp respectively. The positive PCR sample/isolate was confirmed as serogroup canicola by subjecting it to “O” gene specific cluster multiplex PCR with an amplicon size of 341bp.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableA study was conducted to compare the specificity and sensitivity of parasitological methods (Giemsa and Fluorescent acridine orange staining) and PCR to detect the carrier status, subclinical and clinical babesiosis in cattle from endemic regions of Karnataka state in South India. Out of 148 cattle screened, 3 (2.03%), 7 (4.73%) and 16 (10.81%) were found positive for B. bigemina infection by Giemsa’s staining, acridine orange staining and PCR, respectively. The conserved primers for B. bigemina derived from SpeI-AvaI restriction fragment were used in PCR which amplified a fragment of 278 bp in the positive cattle blood and was 83.26% sensitive and 91.16% specific for detection of babesiosis in cattle.Not Availabl

Cytopathic effect of PPR vaccine virus strains in Vero cells

The present study describes the cytopathic effect of two different Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) vaccine virus strains presently being used in the country, in vero cells. The cytopathic effect (CPE) was visible from 4th day post infection in Sungri vaccine virus strain where as Arasur vaccine virus strain showed CPE, 36-48 hr post infection. With both vaccine virus strains the CPE in vero cells showed initial cell rounding, aggregation and syncytial development. The generalized CPE was noticed by 6th day in Sungri and by 96 hrs post infection in Arasur strain. However complete detachment of the cell monolayer was observed in Arasur strain by 120 hr, post infection. Infected coverslip cultures stained with H &amp; E and May &amp; Grunwald&amp;#8217;s Giemsa showed cell vaculation, cytoplasmic extension and syncytia comprising of five to six nuclei. Acidophilic intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies were also observed. Titers, HA activity and detection by s-ELISA of both the vaccine virus strains are also compared. [Vet. World 2009; 2(3.000): 93-94

Evaluation of immuno efficiency of hemorrhagic septicemia vaccine strain (vaccine seed)

Objective: To compared seed culture of hemorrhagic septicemia (HS) bacteria which was used to produce vaccine for its antibody induction efficiency before and after passaging in natural host (calf) using laboratory animals. Methods: Serial dilution of virulent bacteria was injected in to mice which were immunized with HS vaccine which was obtained from seed bacteria before and after back passaged in calf. Ratio of survived and dead was calculated by Reed-Meunch hypothesis and the LD50 value for each vaccine trial groups were calculated. Results: The immunological study revealed that vaccine prepared from back passaged seed culture showed greater improvement in its immunopotency than seed vaccine (before back passage). Around 200 mice were used to study the immuno efficiency of vaccine. Each mouse was from the same source, which were free from the Pastuerella infection previous to expose to trial infection. The same broth culture of HS was used to induce infection in mice in both trials (vaccine before back passage and vaccine after back passage). The 0.2 mL of broth dilution from 10−1 to 10−10 was used, as dilution increases, death rate decreases. It indicates the minimum load of bacterium is required to induced infection. Conclusions: Obtained results revealed that back passaged vaccine seed HS bacteria in its natural host had provided better immune efficiency to the culture than laboratory stock culture, and this findings recommended that regular annual back passage was mandatory for the vaccine seed culture of Pastuerella multocida bacteria for better establishment of immune potent vaccines