Interfacial Engineering Enabled the Tunability of Organic Spin Polarization

Organic charge-transfer ferromagnets have been studied for many years, and numerous breakthroughs have been made pertaining to them. However, the mechanism underlying the phenomenon is still unclear. Herein, we designed organic charge-transfer ferromagnets using different small molecule acceptors to investigate the key factors determining ferromagnetic performance. We found that the electron–phonon (e–p) coupling of the acceptors affects the interfacial interaction, which in turn changes the strength of ferromagnetism. Under an external magnetic field, the e–p coupling in the acceptors intensifies, yielding a weak interfacial spin–dipole interaction. The charge-transfer ferromagnets exhibited magnetic anisotropy due to the difference in the spatial structure symmetry of acceptors. Overall, this study deepens the understanding of interfacial interactions in organic charge-transfer ferromagnets, providing a new perspective for designing organic ferromagnets

Confirmed and probable cases of RMSF in California and percent of reported cases confirmed in two 20-year time blocks, 1980 to 1999 and 2000 to 2019.

Confirmed and probable cases of RMSF in California and percent of reported cases confirmed in two 20-year time blocks, 1980 to 1999 and 2000 to 2019.</p

Demographics, hospitalization, and fatality of reported RMSF cases in California in two 20-year reporting blocks, 1980 to 1999 and 2000 to 2019.

Asterisks indicate where there are statistically differences in proportions with a Z test, p < 0.05 considered significant.</p

The Excel tables in the supplementary information contain aggregated data used to make Figs 1–5.

Each figure is under a separate tab. (XLSX)</p

Number and percentage of California RMSF cases where regions of exposure prior to onset could be determined in 20-year reporting blocks, 1980–2019.

Exposure regions are “Northern CA” (California counties north of San Luis Obispo, Kern and San Bernardino Counties; see Fig 4), “Southern CA” (counties not in Northern CA), “US” (any state outside California in the United States) and “Unknown” (travel not specified).</p

Number of RMSF cases (both confirmed and probable) by month of onset, 1980 to 2019, stratified by 20-year reporting blocks.

Number of RMSF cases (both confirmed and probable) by month of onset, 1980 to 2019, stratified by 20-year reporting blocks.</p

Flow of case evaluation for inclusion in this analysis.

Case reports retrieved from 1980 to 2019 include all those reported as Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF). Conservative case inclusion criteria were applied as described in methods to focus on those cases most likely to be RMSF. Included in the analysis were 31 confirmed cases and 47 probable cases.</p

Phylogenetic network of 66 mitochondrial haplotypes of CO1 gene in <i>Aedes albopictus</i> from 11 localities.

<p>Localities are indicated by different color (bottom-right) and samples of LA01 and LA11 are labeled by crosses and asterisks, respectively. Sizes of circles are approximately proportional to the number of individuals with the given haplotype. GZ: Guangzhou; XM: Xiamen; JS: Jiangsu; TW: Taiwan; JP: Japan; SG: Singapore; IT: Italy; LA01: Los Angeles 2001; LA11: Los Angeles 2011; NJ: New Jersey; TX: Texas; and HW: Hawai’i.</p

Location of specimen collection sites of <i>Aedes albopictus</i> mosquitoes analyzed.

*<p>Laboratory-maintained strain cultured from local field collection in Wuxi, China.</p

Bayesian cluster analysis using STUCTURE program.

<p><b>A)</b> Pie charts showing the composition of proportional membership coefficient of <i>Aedes albopictus</i> individuals within the 6 clusters identified by the Bayesian analyses; and <b>B)</b> color code of respective clusters and membership coefficient values for the <i>Aedes albopictus</i> populations studied. The coefficient values above 0.20 are highlighted in bold. GZ: Guangzhou; XM: Xiamen; JS: Jiangsu; TW: Taiwan; JP: Japan; SG: Singapore; IT: Italy; LA01: Los Angeles 2001; LA11: Los Angeles 2011; NJ: New Jersey; TX: Texas; and HW: Hawai’i.</p