C57BL/6 mice intratracheally infected with 6×10³ copies of PVM develop clinical signs, increased alveolar permeability and pulmonary edema.

<p><i>A</i>: mean clinical scores (left y-axis, line) and weight loss (right y-axis, bar) during infection with PVM. <i>B</i>: lung wet-to-dry weight ratio of C57BL/6 mice during PVM infection. <i>C</i>: IgM concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of PVM-infected C57BL/5 mice. The graphs represent the mean of 4 mice at each time-point (± SEM). **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, as compared to uninfected mice (t = 0).</p

Intratracheal administration of TIP to PVM-infected C57BL/6 mice in different dose regimens and time schedules did not have an effect on pulmonary edema formation.

<p><i>A</i>: Lung wet-to-dry weight ratio of the left lung of PVM-infected mice that received 20 µg of TIP in 30 µl saline or 30 µl saline on day seven after infection and were studied two, four or six hours later. <i>B</i>: Lung wet-to-dry weight ratio of the left lung of PVM-infected mice that received 80 µg of TIP in 60 µl saline or 60 µl saline (control) on day seven after infection and were studied two, four or six hours later. <i>C</i>: Lung wet-to-dry weight ratio of the left lung of PVM-infected mice that received 80 µg of TIP in 60 µl saline or 60 µl saline (control) on day 5 after infection and were studied 24, 48 and 72 hours later. <i>D</i>: Lung wet-to-dry weight ratio of the left lung of PVM-infected mice that received 20 µg TIP in 30 µl of saline or 30 µl saline on day zero, two, four and six after infection and were studied on day seven after infection. The graphs represent the mean of 4–8 mice at each time-point (± SEM).</p

Single or multiple-dose regimen of TIP in PVM infection did not have an effect on weight loss, clinical score and lung cellular response.

<p><i>A</i>: Change in body weight expressed as the percentage of the original weight of PVM-infected mice that received 80 µg of TIP in 60 µl saline (black bars) or saline (white bars) on day 5 after infection with PVM. <i>B</i>: Mean clinical score of PVM-infected mice that received 80 µg of TIP in 60 µl or saline on day 5 after infection with PVM, examined at daily intervals according to a standardized scoring system. <i>C</i>: Total polymorhonuclear neutrophils (PMN) measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of PVM-infected mice that received 80 µg of TIP in 60 µl saline or saline on day 5 after infection with PVM. The graphs represent the mean of 4–6 mice at each time-point (± SEM). *p<0.05, **p<0.01, as compared to PVM-infected mice that received saline.</p

Changes of biological marker levels in the genital compartments between baseline and month 12 among study participants receiving anti-retroviral therapy.

<p>Changes of genital (GVL) and plasma viral loads (PVL), CD4 counts and cytokines levels analysed as continuous variables were compared between baseline and month 12 in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Thin broken lines represent the change in immune parameter of a study participant between the two measurement times and the thick solid line in red is the average change in the parameter between the two time points. P values were calculated using the paired t-test and are displayed inside each graph. GVL, PVL and CD4 counts changes were significant, whereas cytokines levels remained comparable at baseline and month 12.</p

Changes in proportion of detectable cytokine levels from baseline to month 12 in participants receiving ART,

<p>Only cytokines analyzed as dichotomous variable are included in this table. Changes of proportion of women with detectable cytokines are compared between baseline and month 12 using McNemar. No significant differences were found. Results on cytokines analyzed as continuous variables are shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0127201#pone.0127201.g002" target="_blank">Fig 2</a>.</p><p>Changes in proportion of detectable cytokine levels from baseline to month 12 in participants receiving ART,</p

Cohort profile.

<p>This flow chart provides information on the number of patients recruited, eligible for antiretroviral therapy and who had viral load and CD4 data available at baseline and at month 12. Patients were classified in groups of genital viral load (GVL) <40 RNA copies/ml and GVL ≥40 copies /mL.</p

Predictors of GVL at baseline and at month 12 among participants receiving ART.

<p>Predictors of genital viral load ≥40 copies/mL at baseline and at month 12 were determined. Ninety six women initiating ART were included in the analysis at baseline. Forty-nine women receiving ART had viral load data available at month 12 and were included in the analysis at month 12. The variables included were:</p><p>At baseline: Plasma viral load, CD4, age, IL-8, IP-10, MIP-1b, VEGF, IL-6, GCSF, IL-1β, <i>N</i>. <i>gonorrhoea</i>, <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i>, <i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i>, HSV2</p><p>At month 12: Use of family planning method, marital status, <i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i> at baseline & month 12, IL-8 at baseline & month 12, IP-10 at baseline & month 12, MIP-1b at month 12, IL-1β at month 12, IL-1RA at month 12, IL-6 at month 12, Genital VL at baseline, plasma VL at month 12.</p><p>AIC: Aikaike Information criteria.</p><p>Predictors of GVL at baseline and at month 12 among participants receiving ART.</p

Characteristics of the study population.

<p>Groups of participants with genital viral load (GVL) < 40 HIV RNA copies/mL (N = 132) versus GVL≥40 HIV RNA copies/mL (N = 111) at baseline are compared. Comparison is made using t-test for continuous and Chi-square for dichotomous variables. Significant differences are highlighted with*.</p><p>Characteristics of the study population.</p

Patient characteristics in frequencies (percentages).

<p>Note: Frequencies (percentages) for the presence of the symptoms are given for all dichotomous variables. Age is given in mean years (standard deviation).</p>*<p><i>p</i><0.05.</p

Differences in plasma levels of CCL11 between patients low and high on mental quality of life. Left:

<p>Differences in plasma levels of CCL11 between the 25% of patients with the lowest mental QoL (MCS) scores, and the 25% of patients with the highest MCS scores (<i>p</i> = 0.03). <b>Right:</b> Differences in plasma levels of CCL11 between patients with the lowest vitality (VT) score (standardized score ≤1.5) compared to the patients with high vitality scores (standardized score ≥0) (<i>p</i> = 0.04).</p