Comparison of fitness components of life stages of <i>S</i>. <i>frugiperda</i> strains reared on non-Bt corn.

<p>Within each development stage, bars with the same letter are not significantly different (LSD <i>t</i>-test; <i>P</i> > 0.05).</p

Survival of <i>S</i>. <i>frugiperda</i> on leaf discs of different Bt and non-Bt maize plants.

<p>Values represent means ± SE. A separate ANOVA (Tukey’s test, <i>P</i>≤0.05) was conducted for treatments within each column (means followed by the same letter in column are not significantly different).</p><p>^a Mean weight of survivors.</p><p>^b Weight reduction compared to control (non-Bt).</p><p>n.a. Not applicable</p><p>Survival of <i>S</i>. <i>frugiperda</i> on leaf discs of different Bt and non-Bt maize plants.</p

Concentration-response and growth inhibition response (MIC₅₀ and EC₅₀; ng/cm²) of <i>S</i>. <i>frugiperda</i> in diet-overlay bioassays with purified Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 proteins.

<p>^a MIC₅₀: Concentration that inhibits molting to second instar in 50% of individuals after 7 days.</p><p>^b<i>P</i> > 0.05 in the goodness-of-fit test.</p><p>^c Resistance Ratio = (MIC₅₀ or EC₅₀ of indicated strain)/(MIC₅₀ or EC₅₀ of SS strain).</p><p>^d EC₅₀: Effective concentration of protein required to cause 50% growth inhibition at 7 days.</p><p>Concentration-response and growth inhibition response (MIC₅₀ and EC₅₀; ng/cm²) of <i>S</i>. <i>frugiperda</i> in diet-overlay bioassays with purified Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 proteins.</p

Distribution of populations of <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i> used in F₂ screen.

<p>Distribution of populations of <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i> used in F₂ screen.</p

Estimates of effective dominance, <i>D</i>_GIL (after [40]), for the Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 resistance traits in the RR <i>S</i>. <i>frugiperda</i> strain compared with the laboratory-reared SS strain, based on growth inhibition at 508.7 and 1589.8 ng of Cry1A.105 or Cry2Ab2/cm² of diet, respectively.

<p>Estimates of effective dominance, <i>D</i>_GIL (after [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0140130#pone.0140130.ref040" target="_blank">40</a>]), for the Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 resistance traits in the RR <i>S</i>. <i>frugiperda</i> strain compared with the laboratory-reared SS strain, based on growth inhibition at 508.7 and 1589.8 ng of Cry1A.105 or Cry2Ab2/cm² of diet, respectively.</p

Geographic coordinates, total number of caterpillars sampled and date of sampling of field populations sampled for F₂ screen.

<p>Geographic coordinates, total number of caterpillars sampled and date of sampling of field populations sampled for F₂ screen.</p

Fertility life table parameters of <i>S</i>. <i>frugiperda</i> strains fed on non-Bt maize.

<p>Values within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different for two-tailed <i>t</i>-tests for pairwise group comparisons (<i>P</i> > 0.05).</p><p>^a T = mean generation time; R_o = net reproductive rate; r_m = intrinsic rate of increase and λ = finite rate of increase.</p><p>Fertility life table parameters of <i>S</i>. <i>frugiperda</i> strains fed on non-Bt maize.</p

Survival of <i>S</i>. <i>frugiperda</i> larvae per plant (mean ± SE) on MON 89034 maize and non-Bt near-isoline in greenhouse trials.

<p>^a Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different (LSD <i>t</i>-test. <i>P</i> > 0.05).</p><p>Survival of <i>S</i>. <i>frugiperda</i> larvae per plant (mean ± SE) on MON 89034 maize and non-Bt near-isoline in greenhouse trials.</p

Number of two-parent families tested and positive lines of <i>S</i>. <i>frugiperda</i> (those with any offspring that survived on MON 89034 maize) identified using F₂ screen method.

<p>Number of two-parent families tested and positive lines of <i>S</i>. <i>frugiperda</i> (those with any offspring that survived on MON 89034 maize) identified using F₂ screen method.</p