Índice de qualidade de água usando análise fatorial multivariada

The evaluation of environmental effects generated by agricultural production on water quality became essential in Brazil after the creation of policies for the use and conservation of water resources. For such, water quality indices have been considered with the purpose of showing the spatial and temporal variation of water quality in a watershed. The objective of this study was to develop a water quality index (WQI) applying the Multivariate Factorial Analysis (MFA) statistical technique, which could indicate the influence of agricultural activities in the quality of water resources. Water in a predominantly farm watershed was monitored from Sept. 2003 to Sept. 2004. Monthly water collections were carried out at six sample points, and eight parameters were analyzed: nitrate, ammoniacal nitrogen, ammonia, total phosphorus, electrical conductivity, pH, suspended solids and turbidity, which were considered important due to the agricultural management adopted in the region. Results indicated a contamination of agricultural origin along the basin. Factorial analysis showed that ammonia, ammoniacal nitrogen and nitrate parameters were the ones that most contributed in determining the WQI.A avaliação dos impactos gerados pela agricultura sobre a qualidade da água tornou-se primordial no Brasil após o estabelecimento das políticas de uso e conservação dos recursos hídricos, razão por que índices de qualidade de água são propostos com o intuito de se mostrar a evolução da qualidade da água no tempo e no espaço. O objetivo primeiro neste estudo, foi desenvolver um índice de qualidade de água (IQA), utilizando-se a técnica estatística da Análise Fatorial Multivariada, avaliando-se a influência das atividades agrícolas na qualidade dos recursos hídricos; realizou-se, para se atingir o proposto, um monitoramento da qualidade da água em uma bacia hidrográfica de uso predominantemente agrícola, no período de set/03 a set/04. Realizaram-se, também, coletas mensais de água em seis pontos, analisando-se oito variáveis (nitrato, nitrogênio amoniacal, amônia, fósforo total, condutividade elétrica, pH, turbidez e sólidos suspensos), julgadas importantes pelo manejo agrícola adotado na região. Os resultados obtidos indicaram uma contaminação de origem agrícola ao longo da bacia, sendo que, pela análise fatorial, amônia, nitrogênio amoniacal e nitrato foram as variáveis que mais contribuíram na determinação do IQA.51752

Safety and Quality in the Agricultural Product Chain in Brazil

An agriculture-intensive country should be aware of natural toxins, including both mycotoxins and cyanotoxins, which are closely associated with the quality of raw materials, for food safety and industry. The major production chains – corn, wheat, beef, and broiler chicken – are the top components of agribusiness, and they should be tracked by reliable and practical tools. The corn chain is of particular concern in food production; intensive controls, multi-year mycotoxin monitoring, and improved harmless/sustainable management methods for uninterrupted farming in the tropic-subtropics are needed to achieve a long-lasting trend. The rapid control of natural toxins (mycotoxin and cyanotoxin) has focused on immunochemical methods developed with highly specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb) matched with chromatographic methods. In parallel, the promising widespread application of non-destructive analytical methods based on NIR (Near Infrared Reflectance) spectroscopy, computer vision and hyperspectral imaging coupled with multivariate analyses have been introduced as an alternative for the prediction of quality and compositional parameters. Rapid quality control and product traceability are discussed, as well as accurate monitoring, which is essential for potentially launching an innovative system for food production in Brazil