Constraining the Equation of State of Neutron Stars through GRB X-Ray Plateaus

The unknown equation of state (EoS) of neutron stars (NSs) is puzzling because of rich non-perturbative effects of strong interaction there. A method to constrain the EoS by using the detected X-ray plateaus of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) is proposed in this paper. Observations show some GRB X-ray plateaus may be powered by strongly magnetized millisecond NSs. The properties of these NSs should then satisfy: (i) the spin-down luminosity of these NSs should be brighter than the observed luminosity of the X-ray plateaus; (ii) the total rotational energy of these NSs should be larger than the total energy of the X-ray plateaus. Through the case study of GRB 170714A, the moment of inertia of NSs is constrained as $I>1.0\times 10^{45}\left ( \frac{P_{\rm cri}}{1\;\rm ms} \right )^{2} \;\rm g\cdot cm^{2}$, where $P_{\rm cri}$ is the critical rotational period that an NS can achieve. The constraint of the radii of NSs according to GRB 080607 is shown in Table 1.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figute, The Astrophysical Journal, 886:87, 2019 December 1, https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab490

The relation between the particle of the mutual energy principle and the wave of Schrödinger equation

This author has replaced the Maxwell equations with the corresponding mutual energy principle, self-energy principle as the axioms in electromagnetic eld theory. The advantage of doing this is that it can overcome the diculty of the Maxwell equations, which conicts to the energy conservation law. The same conict also exists in the Schrödinger equation in the quantum mechanics. This author would like to intruded the mutual energy principle to quantum mechanics, but has met the diculty that there is no advanced solution for the Schrödinger equation. This diculty is overcome by introducing a negative radius. After this, all the theory about the mutual energy can be extend from the eld satisfying Maxwell equations to the eld satisfying Schrödinger equation. The Schrödinger equation can also be derived from the corresponding mutual energy principle. However, this doesn't mean both sides are equivalent. The mutual energy principle cannot derive a single solution of Schrödinger equation. The mutual energy principle can only derive a pair solutions of the Schrödinger equations. One is for retarded waves and another is for advanced waves. The retarded wave and the advanced wave must be synchronized. The solutions of the mutual energy principle is in accordance with the theory of the action-at-a-distance and the absorber theory. A action is done always between two objects, for example a source (emitter) and a sink (absorber). The mutual energy principle tell us that a particle is an action and a reaction between the source and the sink. In other hand the wave satisfying Schrödinger equation only need one source or one sink. From the mutual energy principle, it is easy to derive the mutual energy theorem, the mutual energy ow theorem, corresponding HuygensFresnel principle. All these will solve the wave-particle duality paradox

quantization/normalization of the mutual energy principle

This author has introduced the mutual energy principle, the mutual energy principle successfully solved the problem of conflict between the Maxwell equations and the law of the energy conservation. The mutual energy flow theorem is derived from the mutual energy principle. The mutual energy flow is consist of the retarded wave and the advanced wave. The mutual energy flow theorem tell us the total energy of the energy flow goes through any surfaces between the emitter to the absorber are all same. This property is required by the photon and any quantum. Hence, this author has linked the mutual energy principle to the photon. However there is still a problem, the field of an emitter or the field of an absorber is decrease according to the distance. If the current of a source or sink for a photon is constant. The energy of the photon which equals the inner product of the current and the field will depended on the distance between the the source and the sink of the photon. If the distance increase the amount of photon energy will decrease to infinite small. This is not correct. The energy of a photon should be a constant E=hv. The energy of the photon cannot decrease. In order overcome this difficulty, this author make a quantization for the mutual energy principle. It is assume that the retarded wave sent from the emitter has collapse back in all direction. But the mutual energy flow build a channel between the source and sink. Since the energy can only go through this channel, the total energy of a photon must go through this channel. Hence, the total energy of the mutual energy flow has to be normalized to the energy of one photon. The wave energy will increased in the direction of the channel. The amplitude of the wave does not decrease on the direction along the channel. The advanced wave also does not decrease on the direction of the channel. The electromagnetic wave in the space between an emitter (source) and an absorber (sink) look like a wave inside a wave guide. The wave in a guide the amplitude does not decrease alone the wave guide if the loss of energy can be omitted. This wave guide can be called the nature wave guide. In the wave guide the advanced wave leads the the retarded wave, hence the retarded wave can only goes at the direction where has strong advanced wave. This normalization process successfully quantized the the mutual energy flow

Derive the Huygens Principle through the mutual energy flow theorem

Absorber theory published in 1945 and 1949 by Wheeler and Feyn-man. In the electromagnetic eld theory, W. J. Welch introduced the reciprocity theorem in 1960. V.H. Rumsey mentioned a method to transform the Lorentz reciprocity theorem to a new formula in 1963. In early of 1987 Shuang-ren Zhao (this author) introduced the mutual energy theorem in frequency domain. In the end of 1987. Adrianus T. de Hoop introduced the time-domain cross-correlation reciprocity theorem. All these theories can be seen as a same theorem in dierent domain: Fourier domain or in time domain. After 30 years silence on this topic, nally, this author has introduced the mutual energy principle and self-energy principle which updated the Maxwell's electromagnetic eld theory and Schrödinger's quantum mechanics. According to the theory of mutual energy principle, the energy of all particles are transferred through the mutual energy ows. The mutual energy ow are inner product of the retarded wave and the advanced wave. The mutual energy ow satises the mutual energy ow theorem. The retarded wave is the action the emitter gives to the absorber. The advanced wave is the reaction the absorber gives to the emitter. In this article this author will derive the Huygens principle from the mutual energy ow theorem. The bra, ket and the unit operator of the quantum mechanics will be applied to the inner space dened on 2D surface instead of the 3D volume

New recognization for the Newton's third law: the reaction force is advanced according to the mutual energy principle

Abstract Absorber theory published in 1945 and 1949 by Wheeler and Feynman which tells us that if the sun is put in a empty space where apart from the sun is nothing, the sun cannot shine. That means only with the source, the radiation cannot be produced. The radiation is phenomena of an action-at-a-distance. The action at a distance needs at least two object: the source and the sink or the emitter and the absorber. Only with one charge even it has the acceleration, it still cannot make any radiation. However this result is not reflect at the Maxwell's theory. According to the theory of Maxwell, a single charge can produce the radiation without any help of the absorber. Hence, Maxwell theory is different with the absorber theory of Wheeler and Feynman, this author thought that Wheeler and Feynman is correct. According the absorber theory the source (emitter) sends the retarded wave. The sink (absorber) sends the advanced wave. In the electromagnetic field theory, W. J. Welch introduced the reciprocity theorem in 1960. V.H. Rumsey mentioned a method to transform the Lorentz reciprocity theorem to a new formula in 1963. In early of 1987 Shuang-ren Zhao (this author) introduced the mutual energy theorem in frequency domain. In the end of 1987 Adrianus T. de Hoop introduced the time-domain cross-correlation reciprocity theorem. All these theories can be seen as a same theorem in different domain: Fourier domain or in time domain. The reciprocity theorem of Welch, Rumsey and Hoop has been applied to find out the directivity diagram of receiving antenna from the corresponding transmitting antenna. The mutual energy theorem of Zhao, has been applied to define an inner product space of electromagnetic radiation fields, and hence, to applied to the sphere wave expansion and the plane wave expansion. All these theorems the transmitting antenna sends the retarded waves and the receiving antenna sends the advanced waves. The reciprocity theorems of Welch, Rumsey and Hoop talk about reciprocity theorem in which the two fields one can be real one can be virtual. The mutual energy theorem tell us the two fields the retarded wave sent out from the transmitting antenna and the advanced wave sent out from the receiving antenna are real and are physical waves with energy. After 30 years silence on this topic, finally, this author has introduced the mutual energy principle and self-energy principle which updated the Maxwell's electromagnetic field theory and Schrödinger's quantum mechanics. According to the theory of mutual energy principle, the energy of all particles are transferred through the mutual energy flows. The mutual energy flow are inner product of the retarded wave and the advanced wave. The retarded wave is the action the emitter gives to the absorber. The advanced wave is the reaction the absorber gives to the emitter. When the absorber received the retarded wave, it received a force from the emitter, that is the action from emitter to the absorber. When the emitter receive the advanced wave, it obtained the reaction from the absorber. This reaction is express as the recoil force of the particle to the emitter. Hence, action is retarded and the reaction is advanced. In this article the action is retarded and the reaction is advanced will be widen to the macroscopic object for example a stone or a piece of wood. Hence, even the waves in water, in air or wood all involve the advanced reaction. The author reviewed the Newton's third law, found that only when the reaction is advanced, the Newton's third law can be applied on arbitrary surface of the object. Hence the reaction is advanced must be correct

Making sense of business leadership vis-à-vis china’s reform and transition

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the contemporary paradigm of business leadership vis-à-vis China’s reform and transitional context. Design/methodology/approach – The paper employs an evidence-based approach to explore the business leadership issues influenced by economic reform and within the context of societal transition in China. A qualitative research method was adopted based on in-depth interviews with a number of middle managers from a variety of Chinese enterprises, including state-owned, domestic-private and foreigninvested enterprises. Content analysis of several rounds of interviews added depth to the data analysis. Findings – The findings complement existing thoughts and illustrate concepts, issues, and characteristics not yet emphasized in mainstream literature. General patterns and associated characteristics of business leadership in China, as well as specific patterns associated with different forms of enterprise ownerships, are identified. Research limitations/implications – The study makes a timely and necessary contribution that enriches context-specific understandings of business leadership against the backdrop of surrounding economic, social, and cultural changes. Practical implications – The study enriches understandings of commonalities and differences in leadership across the globe, facilitating working collaboratively to achieve common goals in a global community. Originality/value – The study offers new insights into business leadership by linking contextual, personal, and cognitional factors together and demonstrates some unique characteristics of leadership styles in transitional economies like China

Distributed Contingency Analysis over Wide Area Network among Dispatch Centers

Traditionally, a regional dispatch center uses the equivalent method to deal with external grids, which fails to reflect the interactions among regions. This paper proposes a distributed N-1 contingency analysis (DCA) solution, where dispatch centers join a coordinated computation using their private data and computing resources. A distributed screening method is presented to determine the Critical Contingency Set (DCCS) in DCA. Then, the distributed power flow is formulated as a set of boundary equations, which is solved by a Jacobi-Free Newton-GMRES (JFNG) method. During solving the distributed power flow, only boundary conditions are exchanged. Acceleration techniques are also introduced, including reusing preconditioners and optimal resource scheduling during parallel processing of multiple contingencies. The proposed method is implemented on a real EMS platform, where tests using the Southwest Regional Grid of China are carried out to validate its feasibility.Comment: 5 pages, 6 figures, 2017 IEEE PES General Meetin