Przykładowe narzędzie do ataków DDoS

This article presents issues concerning the exemplary tool for DDoS attack . DDoS attacks are a distributed version of the Dos attack . This publication describes the specifics and the stages of carrying out a DDoS attack. Two methods were presented in detail of DDoS attack using a tool Trinoo and Tribe Flood Network.W artykule została przedstawiona problematyka dotycząca przykładowego narzędzia do ataku DDoS. Ataki DDoS stanowią rozproszoną wersję ataku Dos. Niniejsza publikacja opisuje specyfikę oraz etapy przeprowadzenia ataku DDoS. Szczegółowo zaprezentowane zostały dwie metody ataku DDoS tj. przy użyciu narzędzia Trinoo oraz Tribe Flood Network

Standard 12-lead electrocardiogram tele-transmission: Support in diagnosing cardiovascular diseases in operations undertaken by Warsaw-area basic medical rescue teams between 2009 and 2013

Background: Basic medical rescue teams (BMRTs) administer aid in the pre-hospital phase to people in a life-threatening condition. A tele-transmission and teleconsultation system (TTaTC) supports the team without a physician. The aim of the presented study was to evaluate the application and spectrum of use of a 12-lead ECG TTaTC in BMRT operations. Methods: Medical records of BMRTs in Warsaw from September 2009 to August 2013 regarding TTaTC were checked. Successful TTaTC, electrocardiography (ECG) results, sex, age, consultant advice, and decisions of BMRT leaders were analyzed. Results: BMRTs performed 28,557 12-lead ECG transmissions within the analyzed period. The teams recorded 26,208 (91.8%) successful tele-transmissions, while 2,349 tests (8.2%) failed to reach the TC. The average TTaTC time was 6 min 12 s. The most common reason for using the ECG TTaTC was chest pain. ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) was diagnosed in 2.1% of the cases, and non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction — NSTEMI — in 3.8%. Cardiac arrhythmia was recorded in 20.5% of the events. TTaTC proved to be useful when making decisions on transporting patients to appropriate hospitals. One hundred percent of STEMI cases — all confirmed by TC — were transported directly to cardiac centers. Conclusions: 1. TTaTC constitutes an increasing support in BMRT everyday operations and is widely used. 2. Standard ECG TTaTC with a physician improved BMRT diagnostic capaci­ties and exerted a beneficial impact on cardiovascular patient segregation and target hospital selection. 3. It seems possible to expand the scope of operations performed by BMRT members based on TTaTC

Left atrial appendage thrombus in patients with atrial fibrillation who underwent oral anticoagulation

Background: Electric cardioversion of atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with an increased risk of embolism, with embolic material existing in the heart cavities. The initiation of oral anticoagulation therapy reduces the risk of thromboembolic events. The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of left atrial appendage (LAA) thrombi in non-valvular AF, to compare vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) and non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs) with respect to thrombus prevalence, and to evaluate the rate of LAA thrombus persistence on repeat transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) after treatment change. Methods: We enrolled 160 consecutive AF patients who presented with an AF duration > 48 h and had undergone TEE before cardioversion. Results: Left atrial appendage thrombus was observed in 12 (7.5%) patients, and spontaneous echo contrast 4 was observed in 19 (11.8%) patients; the incidence was similar between the NOAC and VKA groups (8.9% vs. 3.6% and 12.4% vs. 18.5 %, respectively). Among patients on NOAC, thrombus prevalence was detected in 8.4% of users of rivaroxaban, 8% of users of dabigatran, and 12.5% of users of apixaban. Conclusions: The LAA thrombus developed in 7.5% of patients despite anticoagulation therapy, demonstrating similar prevalence rates among patients either on NOAC or VKA. Lower mean LAA flow velocity and a history of vascular disease were independent predictors of embolic material in the LAA. It seems that in the case of embolic materials in LAA under NOAC treatment, switching to VKA provides additional clinical benefit to the patients

Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics in Evaluation of LIXisenatide in Acute Coronary Syndrome, a long-term cardiovascular end point trial of lixisenatide versus placebo

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular (CV) disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Furthermore, patients with T2DM and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) have a particularly high risk of CV events. The glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, lixisenatide, improves glycemia, but its effects on CV events have not been thoroughly evaluated. METHODS: ELIXA (www.clinicaltrials.gov no. NCT01147250) is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter study of lixisenatide in patients with T2DM and a recent ACS event. The primary aim is to evaluate the effects of lixisenatide on CV morbidity and mortality in a population at high CV risk. The primary efficacy end point is a composite of time to CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for unstable angina. Data are systematically collected for safety outcomes, including hypoglycemia, pancreatitis, and malignancy. RESULTS: Enrollment began in July 2010 and ended in August 2013; 6,068 patients from 49 countries were randomized. Of these, 69% are men and 75% are white; at baseline, the mean ± SD age was 60.3 ± 9.7 years, body mass index was 30.2 ± 5.7 kg/m(2), and duration of T2DM was 9.3 ± 8.2 years. The qualifying ACS was a myocardial infarction in 83% and unstable angina in 17%. The study will continue until the positive adjudication of the protocol-specified number of primary CV events. CONCLUSION: ELIXA will be the first trial to report the safety and efficacy of a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist in people with T2DM and high CV event risk