EFFECT OF COMBINATION OF AQUEOUS LEAF EXTRACTS OF PSIDIUM GUAJAVA LINN AND MORINGA OLEIFERA LAM ON DIABETES MELLITUS

Objective: To determine the anti-diabetic activity of combined aqueous extracts (1:1mixture) of dry leaves of Psidium guajava linn and Moringa oleifera lam as well as to compare the anti-diabetic activity of these plants by in vitro methods. Methods: In vitro alpha amylase inhibitory assay was performed on porcine alpha amylase and the absorbance was measured at 540 nm using a microplate reader and glucose diffusion inhibitory assay using dialysis membrane. Acarbose was used as the standard in the above mentioned methods. Results: The mixture (1:1) of aqueous plant extracts (at a concentration of 100µg/ml) of Psidium guajava linn and Moringa oleifera lam exhibited 72.08333% inhibition with IC50 value of 10.9µg/ml. The leaf extracts of Psidium guajava (at a concentration 100µg/ml) exhibited 71.23288% of a α amylase inhibitory activity with an IC50 values 19.883µg/ml whereas the leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera (at a concentration of 100µg/ml) exhibited 70.58824% of α amylase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 27.974 µg/ml. The Acarbose (standard drug) at a concentration of 100µg/ml showed 72.09302% inhibitory effect on the α amylase activity with an IC50 value 8.9µg/ml. In glucose diffusion inhibition assay the mixture of plant extracts exhibited 76.57% inhibition at 150 min which produces more effects than the two plants. The aqueous extract of Psidium guajava leaves exhibited maximum glucose diffusion inhibition (75.32%) at 150 min as well as Moringa oleifera leaf extract showed the maximum inhibition of 73.70% at the same time interval. For acarbose the percentage was 82.74 at 150 min. The interpretation of the results was done by one-way anova method. Conclusion: The combined extract of the leaves of the 2 plants was found to be more effective than individual plant extracts against diabetes. On comparison of two plants Psidium guajava was found to be more active against diabetes than Moringa oleifera. Also the potentiation effect shown by the combination of extract may be due to synergistic effect of the phytochemical constituents. As the 1:1 mixture of the aqueous extract is found to be more active, the combination of the two plants can be used to formulate drugs for treating diabetes

Phyto-Pharmacological Effects of Medicinal Plants for the Treatment of Depression

Background: Depression is a serious mental illness that has a significant impact on suicidal thoughts. It is ranked as the fourth most significant mental disability globally. Current research is concentrating on increasing the effectiveness of conventional treatments due to highly undesirable effects. Natural goods, herbal plants, and phytochemicals offer a wide range of study opportunities for antidepressant treatments. Objective: The present study aim at the review of various photo-Pharmacological effects of medicinal plants for the treatment of depression in a traditional approach Methods: The methodology includes a thorough search of every electronic source to gather all information on herbal plants, pharmacological effects, and antidepressant mechanisms of phytochemicals from the year 2000 to 2023. Results: Different plant metabolites were shown to have powerful antidepressant effects, including polyphenols (phenolic acids, flavonoids, lignans, and coumarins), alkaloids, terpenes and terpenoids, saponins and sapogenins. Major group of  phytochemicals crucial in evaluating antidepressant effectiveness includes piperine, diterpene alkaloids, berberine, hyperforin, riparin derivatives, ginsenosides, and -carboline alkaloids. A great inhibitor of monoamine oxidase enzymes, an elevation in brain 5-HT and BDNF (Brain-Derived Nicotinic Factor) levels and modulatory effects on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis were all demonstrated by piperine. Numerous studies have demonstrated berberine's serotonergic, noradrenergic, and dopaminergic effects, demonstrating the importance of phytochemicals from various sources in the treatment of depression. Conclusion: All of the medicinal plants listed in this study's thorough review indicated the ability to cure depression using various traditional methods and a variety of processes. In order to discover potential natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic antidepressants with fewer side effects, the structure-activity relationship of extremely effective antidepressant phytochemicals was evaluated. For verification of natural antidepressant effectiveness and fulfilment of their safety profile, more clinical investigations are also required

Cone Beam Computerized Tomography Analysis of Haller cell : Prevalence and Clinical Significance.

Introduction Albert von Haller described Haller cells (HC) as anterior ethmoidal cells along orbital floor and above maxillary sinus ostium. Location of HC could predispose maxillary sinusitis (MS) Purpose of the Study Determine prevalence of HC and relationship of size-based HC with MS and orbital floor dehiscence (OD) in CBCT. Materials and Methods Fifty 9” FOV CBCT volumes evaluated for HC. CBCT images were acquired in Section of OMFR UCONN Dental Medicine. Images were evaluated for presence of HC and association with MS and OD .Both HC and sinuses ostia were categorized small, medium, and large. Chi-square and Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel tests were used for statistical analysis and P-values \u3e0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. Results Out of 50 patients HC were in 30 patients (60%) 17 were bilateral 13 unilateral. HC with MS were in 27 patients. Small-sized HC was evident in 13 patients, medium in 10 and large in 24 respectively. Small maxillary sinus ostia were 26, medium 12 and large 9 respectively .OD were evident in 23 on right and 24 patients in left respectively. There was no statistically significance between HC, size of HC, size of maxillary sinus ostium with MS. HC and OD showed strong statistically significance. Conclusion HC prevalence was high. No association of HC between presence, size and MS could indicate that MS is primary condition than resulting from narrowing of maxillary sinus ostia. HC is an indicator of OD. Case-control studies are recommended to investigate the relationship between HC and MS

Highly Scalable Coding of Depth Maps with Arc Breakpoints

Recent work highlights the importance of incorporating geometry information into the compression of depth maps. For many applications, features such as resolution scalability and embedded coding are also highly desirable. JPEG 2000 offers these scalability features but suffers from poor compression performance in the vicinity of strong discontinuities. We propose a novel compression strategy for depth maps that incorporates geometry information while retaining the highly scalable coding properties of JPEG 2000. Our scheme involves two separate image pyramid structures, one for arc breakpoints and other for sub-band samples produced by a breakpoint-adaptive transform. Breakpoints capture geometric attributes and are also amenable to scalable coding. We develop an R-D optimization framework for the breakpoint data. We also use a variation of the EBCOT scheme to produce embedded bit-streams for both the breakpoint and sub-band data, allowing them to be independently and incrementally sequenced based on R-D considerations

Rate-distortion driven decomposition of multiview imagery to diffuse and specular components

In this work, we propose an overcomplete representation of multiview imagery for the purpose of compression. We present a rate-distortion (R-D) driven approach to decompose multiview datasets into two additive parts which can be interpreted as diffuse and specular content. We choose distinct and different sparsifying transforms for the diffuse and specular components and employ an R-D inspired measure as our optimization cost function to drive the decomposition based solely on compressibility. We first describe a framework which performs data separation in a registered domain to avoid the complexity of warping between views. Then a more comprehensive approach is proposed to separate specular data progressively from coordinates of multiple reference views. Experimental results show a coding gain of up to 0.6 dB for synthetic datasets and up to 0.9 dB for real datasets.</p

Rate-Distortion Driven Separation of Diffuse and Specular Components in Multiview Imagery

In this work we explore an overcomplete representation of multiview imagery for the purpose of compression. We present a rate-distortion (R-D) driven approach to decompose multiview datasets into two additive parts which can be interpreted as being the diffuse and specular components. We apply different transforms to each component such that the compressibility of input data is improved. We describe a framework which performs the R-D optimized separation in a registered domain to avoid the complexity of warping between views. Experimental results highlight the benefits of the proposed source separation approach in the context of compression.</p

Illumination Estimation and Compensation of Low Frame Rate Video Sequences for Wavelet-Based Video Compression

In this paper, we are interested in the compression of image sets or video with considerable changes in illumination. We develop a framework to decompose frames into illumination fields and texture in order to achieve sparser representations of frames which is beneficial for compression. Illumination variations or contrast ratio factors among frames are described by a full resolution multiplicative field. First, we propose a Lifting-based Illumination Adaptive Transform (LIAT) framework which incorporates illumination compensation to temporal wavelet transforms. We estimate a full resolution illumination field, taking heed of its spatial sparsity by a rate-distortion (R-D) driven framework. An affine mesh model is also developed as a point of comparison. We find the operational coding cost of the subband frames by modeling a typical t + 2D wavelet video coding system. While our general findings on R-D optimization are applicable to a range of coding frameworks, in this paper, we report results based on employing JPEG 2000 coding tools. The experimental results highlight the benefits of the proposed R-D driven illumination estimation and compensation in comparison with alternative scalable coding methods and non-scalable coding schemes of AVC and HEVC employing weighted prediction.</p