Influence of spray-glow plug configuration on cold start combustion for high-speed direct injection diesel engines

Glow plugs are currently the most employed solution to promote ignition in light-duty diesel engines during low temperature cold start. Improved knowledge about the mechanisms that control ignition and flame development under such conditions is necessary for design purposes, especially with current trends to reduce engine compression ratio. This paper aims to analyze the influence of the glow plug configuration (location and temperature) on cold start combustion. Experimental tests carried out in an optical engine with high speed visualization have confirmed that spray-glow plug configuration influences the whole combustion process through pilot ignition. Ignition of pilot injection is controlled by glow plug to spray distance, by glow plug temperature and by fuel and air motion after the end of injection. Nevertheless, glow plug temperature effect starts to be negligible above a certain value, since chemical ignition delay cannot be further reduced. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.Pastor Soriano, JV.; Bermúdez, V.; García Oliver, JM.; Ramírez Hernández, JG. (2011). Influence of spray-glow plug configuration on cold start combustion for high-speed direct injection diesel engines. Energy. 36(9):5486-5496. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2011.07.028S5486549636

THE SNAP II POWER CONVERSION SYSTEM. ORBITAL FORCE FIELD BOILING AND CONDENSING EXPERIMENTS (OFFBACE). Topical Report No. 13

Boiling and condensing experiments under zero gravity conditions were conducted to investigate the operation of a mercury Rankine cycle power system similar to SNAP I and SNAP II designs. A detailed analysis of the phenomena involved in condensing under various gravity conditions is included. Empirical correlations based on mercury condenser pressure drop data were developed and further interfacial stability tests were made. (J.R.D.

WINNING, LOSING, AND STILL PLAYING THE GAME: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF IMMIGRATION IN CANADA

In contrast to most other countries, public opinion in Canada is relatively positive towards immigration and immigrants. Yet the economic fortunes of immigrants, especially those who have arrived recently, have been falling over the past three decades. Four analytical perspectives on the relatively poor economic performance of immigrants in Canada are discussed, and are used to build a composite understanding of this economic outcome. I argue that the weak economic position of immigrants - particularly the fact that they do not compete against the Canadian-born in privileged segments of the labour market - is an important ingredient in the favourable public view of immigration. Copyright (c) 2006 by the Royal Dutch Geographical Society KNAG.

SEGREGATION IN THE AUSTRALIAN LABOUR MARKET *

An important measure of the success of immigration is the assimilation of immigrants into the labour force of the host country. This criterion is important from both the perspective of immigrants themselves and that of the host country. Conversely, concentration of migrants in a few sectors is undesirable because of its adverse socio-economic consequences. Since the pattern of distribution of migrant employment influences the structure and outcomes in the labour market in various ways, it attracts public, academic and policymakers' attention. The present paper employs various numerical measures to estimate the degree of immigrant segregation across occupations and industries in Australia. The results indicate that the occupational distribution of immigrants is very similar to the proportion of native workers employed in the various occupations. This similarity also characterises the industrial distribution of immigrant employment. Thus, contrary to popular perception and findings for the United States, evidence from the Australian labour market does not indicate the existence of widespread immigrant segregation. Copyright 2006 The Authors Journal compilation 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd/University of Adelaide and Flinders University .