The Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba: Graphic Analysis of Interior Perspectives by Girault de Prangey around 1839

This research has been funded by internationalisation grants awarded to the Instituto Universitario de Arquitectura y Ciencias de la Construcción (IUACC) of the VI Plan Propio de Investigación y Transferencia of the University of Seville.This research has been made possible thanks to the collaboration of the Cabildo de la Catedral de Córdoba. The authors are also grateful for the support from the research group Expregrafica, Lugar Arquitectura y Dibujo (PAIDI-HUM-976); Programa de Doctorado en Arquitectura, Instituto Universitario de Arquitectura y Ciencias de la Construcción from the University of Seville; the research group Ingeniería Cartográfica (PAIDI-TEP-164) from the University of Jaén; and the Survey and Modelling Laboratory (SMlab) from the University of Granada.The work of Philibert Girault de Prangey, who was a draughtsman, pioneering photographer and an Islamic architecture scholar, has been the subject of recent exhibitions in his hometown (Langres, 2019), at the Metropolitan Museum (New York, 2019) and at the Musée d’Orsay (Paris, 2020). After visiting Andalusia between 1832 and 1833, Prangey completed the publication “Monuments arabes et moresques de Cordoue, Seville et Grenada” in 1839, based on his own drawings and measurements. For the first time, this research analyses his interior perspectives of the Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba (Spain). The novel methodology is based on its comparison with a digital model derived from the point cloud captured by a 3D laser scanner. After locating the different viewpoints, the geometric precision and the elaboration process are analysed, taking into account historic images by various authors, other details published by Prangey and the architectural transformations of the building. In this way, the veracity and documentary interest of some beautiful perspectives of a monument inscribed on the World Heritage List by UNESCO is valued.Programa de Doctorado en Arquitectura, Instituto Universitario de Arquitectura y Ciencias de la Construccion from the University of Sevilleresearch group Ingenieria Cartografica from the University of Jaen PAIDI-TEP-164Survey and Modelling Laboratory (SMlab) from the University of GranadaResearch group Expregrafica, Lugar Arquitectura y Dibujo PAIDI-HUM-97

Proportions and Deformations in the Mosque‑Cathedral of Cordoba

This research presents a dimensional analysis of the arcades of one of the most emblematic spaces of the Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba: its central nave, located besides the mihrab in the ambitious extension carried out by Al-Hakam II. In order to accomplish this survey, a digital model was created from the point cloud obtained with a 3D laser scanner. Subsequently, earlier theories of architectural proportions related to this monument have been reviewed. The comparison of these earlier drawings with the corresponding digital models allows the precision of their different hypotheses to be assessed. Architectonic deformations not considered by the scientific literature are also quantified here. Finally, this research indicates certain partial order relations close to the proportion 1.3, though it should be noted that not all the arcades share the same dimensions and thus no general theory applies to their proportions.CRUE-CSIC agreementSpringer Natur

Quality specification and control of a point cloud from a TLS survey using ISO 19157 standard

This paper presents an application of the ISO 19157 framework to the case of a point cloud (PC) representing a heritage asset whose purpose is to serve specific use cases that could be managed in a building information modeling (BIM) environment. The main contribution of this study is to clarify the relationships between the different parts of the ISO 19157 framework applied to heritage building information modeling (HBIM) products derived from terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) surveys by means of a running example. This paper presents a proposal to evaluate, control and report on the quality of the TLS survey of the Ariza Bridge (a 16th century construction). In order to achieve this objective the data quality specifications that must be met are defined by describing and identifying the requirements of five use cases of the data product: 3D visualization, location transfer, measurement, plane generation and absolute positioning. The specifications, according to ISO 19157, are formalized by selecting the data quality element to be measured, its scope, the measure used and the level of conformity necessary for the element to be accepted. In addition, the control methods for each quality element are proposed.Junta de Andalucia PAIDI-TEP-164Universidad de Jae?n POAIUJA 21-22 Universidad de Jaen / CBUA Universidad de Jaen PAIDI-TEP-164 POAIUJA 21-22 TEP164_202

Comparison of Gridded DEMs by Buffering

This research was partially funded by the research project "Functional Quality in Digital Elevation Models in Engineering" (https://coello.ujaen.es/investigacion/web_giic/funquality4 dem/, accessed on 28 July 2021) of the State Research Agency. PID2019-106195RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/ 501100011033.Comparing two digital elevation models (DEMs), S1 (reference) and S2 (product), in order to get the S2 quality, has usually been performed on sampled points. However, it seems more natural, as we propose, comparing both DEMs using 2.5D surfaces: applying a buffer to S1 (single buffer method, SBM) or to both S1 and S2 (double buffer method, DBM). The SBM and DBM approaches have been used in lines accuracy assessment and, in this paper, we generalize them to a DEM surface, so that more area of the S2 surface (in the case of the SBM), or the area and volume (in the case of the DBM) that are involved, more similarly are S1 and S2. The results obtained show that across both methods, SBM recognizes the presence of outliers and vertical bias while DBM allows a richer and more complex analysis based on voxel intersection. Both methods facilitate creating observed distribution functions that eliminate the need for the hypothesis of normality on discrepancies and allow the application of quality control techniques based on proportions. We consider that the SBM is more suitable when the S1 accuracy is much greater than that of S2 and DBM is preferred when the accuracy of S1 and S2 are approximately equal.research project "Functional Quality in Digital Elevation Models in Engineering" of the State Research Agency PID2019-106195RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/50110001103

Deep learning methods applied to digital elevation models: state of the art

Deep Learning (DL) has a wide variety of applications in various thematic domains, including spatial information. Although with limitations, it is also starting to be considered in operations related to Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). This study aims to review the methods of DL applied in the field of altimetric spatial information in general, and DEMs in particular. Void Filling (VF), Super-Resolution (SR), landform classification and hydrography extraction are just some of the operations where traditional methods are being replaced by DL methods. Our review concludes that although these methods have great potential, there are aspects that need to be improved. More appropriate terrain information or algorithm parameterisation are some of the challenges that this methodology still needs to face.Functional Quality of Digital Elevation Models in Engineering’ of the State Agency Research of SpainPID2019-106195RB- I00/AEI/10.13039/50110001103

Digital Graphic Documentation and Architectural Heritage: Deformations in a 16th-Century Ceiling of the Pinelo Palace in Seville (Spain)

Suitable graphic documentation is essential to ascertain and conserve architectural heritage. For the first time, accurate digital images are provided of a 16th-century wooden ceiling, composed of geometric interlacing patterns, in the Pinelo Palace in Seville. Today, this ceiling suffers from significant deformation. Although there are many publications on the digital documentation of architectural heritage, no graphic studies on this type of deformed ceilings have been presented. This study starts by providing data on the palace history concerning the design of geometric interlacing patterns in carpentry according to the 1633 book by López de Arenas, and on the ceiling consolidation in the 20th century. Images were then obtained using two complementary procedures: from a 3D laser scanner, which offers metric data on deformations; and from photogrammetry, which facilitates the visualisation of details. In this way, this type of heritage is documented in an innovative graphic approach, which is essential for its conservation and/or restoration with scientific foundations and also to disseminate a reliable digital image of the most beautiful ceiling of this Renaissance palace in southern Europe.Instituto Universitario de Arquitectura y Ciencias de la Construcción (IUACC) of the VII Plan Propio de Investigación y Transferencia in the University of Sevill

A deformed muqarnas dome at the Sala de los Reyes in the Alhambra: graphic analysis of architectural heritage

The muqarnas are small pieces grouped together, adopting surprising three-dimensional forms. They are a symbol of identity of the 14th century Nasrid architecture at Alhambra in Granada. This research’s aim is to graphically analyze the plaster muqarnas dome located to the south of the Sala de los Reyes, in the Palacio de los Leones. The methodology followed combines historical images analysis and modern digital graphic techniques. First, a compilation of unpublished drawings and photographs documenting architectural transformations and significant alterations in the roof structures since the 16th century is provided. Although these muqarnas were drawn by Jones and Goury in the 19th century, the current research identifies and draws, digitally for the first time, its nearly two thousand pieces of this dome. Additionally, metric data of the current state has been collected using 3D laser scanning, revealing significant deformations. In this way, the knowledge of these fragile architectural elements is achieved to promote their heritage dissemination and to facilitate the conservation of a monumental site included in the UNESCO World Heritage List

Un óleo anónimo de 1741: El primer plano científico de la Mezquita-Catedral de Córdoba

Esta investigación analiza la primera planta conocida de la Mezquita-Catedral de Córdoba, un óleo anónimo de 1741. El objetivo es conocer la precisión dimensional de las formas arquitectónicas más relevantes representadas. También se ha comparado con dos importantes planos de la Mezquita-Catedral dibujados en 1767 y 1868. En primer lugar, se ha realizado un levantamiento fotogramétrico del óleo; y se han tomado datos métricos del monumento mediante escáner 3D. La ortofoto del óleo obtenida se ha superpuesto al modelo digital del estado actual, para comprobar su exactitud en una selección de puntos. Este preciso documento gráfico contiene abundantes datos fiables que son de gran interés para futuras investigaciones sobre las transformaciones y restauraciones de un monumento incluido en la Lista del Patrimonio Mundial de la UNESCO. Puede considerarse como el primer plano científico de la Mezquita-Catedral de Córdoba, y como un destacado levantamiento arquitectónico de la Europa del siglo XVIII

Structured light in the digital reconstruction of architectural details

[EN] The interest in cataloguing historical heritage has involved the growing development of techniques of three-dimensional scanning in recent years. The present work introduces the technique of structured light as a digitalization method that despite its limitations provides a powerful tool for surveying architectural details. The results found with structured light in the architectural survey of the Hospital Real of the Universidad de Granada (Spain) have been satisfactory as a substitute or a complement to the laser scanner and digital photography.[ES] El interés en la catalogación del patrimonio histórico ha supuesto un creciente desarrollo de las técnicas de escaneado en tres dimensiones en los últimos años. En el presente trabajo se introduce la técnica de luz estructurada como un método de digitalización que, a pesar de sus limitaciones, es una potente herramienta para el levantamiento de detalles arquitectónicos. Los resultados obtenidos con la luz estructurada en el levantamiento arquitectónico del Hospital Real de la Universidad de Granada han sido satisfactorios como sustitutivo o complemento al escáner láser y la fotogrametría digital.León Robles, C.; Reinoso Gordo, JF.; Mataix Sanjuán, J. (2018). Luz estructurada en la reconstrucción digital de detalles arquitectónicos. EGA. Revista de Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica. 23(32):198-207. doi:10.4995/ega.2018.9810SWORD198207233

Heritage Building Information Modeling (H-BIM) Applied to A Stone Bridge

Certain historical works of civil engineering should be preserved as heritage monuments and when possible should continue serving the function they were designed for. Old stone bridges could be sustainably maintained but their conservation requires accurate documentation. In this study, we have scanned Ízbor bridge (1860) in Spain, and to facilitate conservation, we have modeled the ancient bridge using BIM (building information modeling). We propose a method and a model for this kind of bridge to be used as a reference for similar heritage monuments. Ízbor bridge modeled in this way will be useful for government planning and conservation agencies