On Parametrization in Modelling Behavioral Heterogeneity.

In order to model the concept of behavioral heterogeneity, some authors have employed the following approach. By using affine transformations of the price space, a consumption sector is defined as the set of all transformed demand functions of a given "generating" demand function. This leads to a parametrization of the objects by elements of a finite dimensional Euclidian space. Increasing dispersedness of the parameter distribution is then interpreted as increasing behavioral heterogeneity of the consumption sector. In this paper, we show that such an interpretation is not valid if the generating demand function satisfies a mild regularity condition. Due to the specific parametrization, increasing heterogeneity of the parameters leads to decreasing heterogeneity of the demand functions. More precisely, we prove that they become concentrated nearby a finite set of Cobb-Douglas demand functioons.aggregate demand; behavioral heterogeneity; parametrization

Influence of Temperature and pH on the Growth of the Thermophilic Cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus in Continuous Culture

The thermophilic cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus was grown in a steady state continuous culture. Regulation and data sampling of the turbidostat was done with a microcomputer. Growth performance was measured as a function of temperature and pH from 30 to 62°C and between pH 4 and 10. The temperature optimum was between 45 and 55°C. Under optimal conditions the filaments contained predominantly 8 cells with a high phycocyanin content but at the temperature extremes and at high pH, 2- and 4-cell filaments containing little phycocyanin were more abundan

Linear Phase Shift Response with High Dynamic Range for Holographic recording in As2S3

Amorphous As2S3 films are real-time photographic materials for phase holograms. This work focuses an the phase shift in As2S3 films as a function of the exposure. A measuring method for the phase shift response simultaneous to the exposure is presented. A relative displacement determination of interferometric patterns allows precise measurements insensitive to changes of experimental conditions. The phase shift dependence on the intensity of the writing beam is evaluated for two different films. As the result a linear phase shift response is obtained with a dynamic range of nearly 9. It is independent of the intensity over four orders of magnitude. The results are proofed by diffraction efficiency measurements

Light environment and synthesis of bacteriochlorophyll by populations of Chromatium okenii under natural environmental conditions

In the meromictic alpine Lake Cadagno a dense layer of phototrophic bacteria, mainly Chromatium okenii and Amoebobacter purpureus, develop annually at the chemocline at about 10 to 11 m depth. Radiometric spectral profiles of the incident sunlight demonstrate different attenuation coefficients in the mixolimnion and in the chemocline not only for the visible light effective at each depth (photosynthetically available radiation), but also for selected photosynthetically active wavelengths used by oxygenic and anoxygenic phototrophs. Phototrophic bacteria sampled from the upper part of the layer at the maximum of cell concentration were incubated in transparent bottles at the sampling depth and at a lower depth where the light intensity is only a few percent of the one at the sampling depth. Within 4 h the specific bacteriochlorophyll concentration (Bchl protein−1) increased up to 50% depending on the difference in light intensity between the sampling and the incubation depth. The specific bacteriochlorophyll concentration in the upper part of the layer remained constant (53.0 mg Bchl g−1 protein, S.D. = 4.8) in spite of large changes in cell concentrations in the lake water over the season. These observations illustrate the phenomenon of light-regulated pigment synthesis under natural condition

Fosfomycin Trometamol in Patients with Renal Insufficiency and in the Elderly

Single oral dose therapy with fosfomycin trometamol (FT) 3 g is recommended inthe treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) not only in premenopausal,but also in postmenopausal elderly, otherwise healthy women. It can alsobe used as reapplication every 10 days for prophylaxis of recurrent uncomplicatedcystitis. FT 3 g has also been used with two oral doses of 3 g (on two consecutivedays) for perioperative prophylaxis in transurethral interventions or with three doses(every other day, three times) for treatment of complicated lower UTI includingmany elderly patients. The tolerance and safety in the patients above 65 yearsof age did not differ from younger ones. Therefore, there is also an indication toadminister oral FT 3g in adults above 65 years of age for treatment or prophylaxisof uncomplicated UTI.Patients with renal insufficiency up to a creatinine clearance of 20 ml/min can beexpected to have still sufficiently high urinary concentrations of fosfomycin, thattreatment of cystitis should be justified from pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamicpoint of view. From preliminary clinical results there is also an indication to useoral FT 3 g in adults with renal insufficiency up to a creatinine clearance of 20 ml/min, with single dose for treatment of lower uncomplicated UTI with otherwisenormal urinary tract or with repeated doses (every second or third day accordingto the degree of renal insufficiency) for treatment of lower complicated UTI causedby fosfomycin susceptible pathogens resistant to other oral antimicrobial drugs