Analysis of post mortem brain tissue at day 110 of SOD1 (G93A) mice.

<p>In 5 of 12 animals there was a glial scar visible above the right ventricle as it was shown by GFAP staining. Rectangle in the left picture is showed enlarged on the right side. Scale bar 500 µm.</p

Alginate encapsulated GLP-1 producing mesenchymal cells.

<p>(A) Encapsulation with alginate leads to GLP-1 MSC capsules with a mean diameter of 161 µm. (B) GLP-1, oxygen and nutrients are able to pass the alginate barrier, but the cells are protected against the hosts’ immune system.</p

Immunhistological analysis of MAP2 in spinal cord tissue of SOD1 (G93A) mice.

<p>Staining against microtubule associated protein 2 was stronger in animals treated with GLP-1 (GLP-1 MSC) compared to vehicle treated controls (vehicle). Scale bar 100 µm.</p

Effects of GLP-1 treatment on rotarod performance and footprint analyses.

<p>Presymptomatic GLP-1 treatment (GLP-1 MSC) improved rotarod performance (A), step length (B) and runtime (C) compared to vehicle controls (vehicle). Data are mean ± SEM of 8 (5♀/3♂) (control) and 10 (6♀/4♂) (GLP-1) treated animals. Two-way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni post-test. (*) p<0.05; (**) p<0.01; (***) p<0.001.</p

Widespread sensorimotor and frontal cortical atrophy in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-2

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Widespread sensorimotor and frontal cortical atrophy in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis"</p><p>BMC Neurology 2006;6():17-17.</p><p>Published online 25 Apr 2006</p><p>PMCID:PMC1459868.</p><p>Copyright © 2006 Grosskreutz et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</p>l grey matter volumes (modulated data, B) in ALS patients versus controls are displayed within a 'glass brain' view. Note that only the comparison of modulated data survived the correction for multiple comparisons specified a priori. Images are displayed at p = 0.001, uncorrected, extended threshold 100 voxels and shown in neurological convention

Widespread sensorimotor and frontal cortical atrophy in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-1

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Widespread sensorimotor and frontal cortical atrophy in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis"</p><p>BMC Neurology 2006;6():17-17.</p><p>Published online 25 Apr 2006</p><p>PMCID:PMC1459868.</p><p>Copyright © 2006 Grosskreutz et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</p>tter atrophy in the precentral and postcentral gyrus bilaterally, which extended from the primary motor cortex to premotor, parietal and frontal regions bilaterally (displayed at p = 0.001, uncorrected, extended threshold 100 voxels). The color bar represents the T-score. The differences between the groups are superimposed on a standard normalized T1-weighted image. Images are shown in neurological convention

Widespread sensorimotor and frontal cortical atrophy in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-0

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Widespread sensorimotor and frontal cortical atrophy in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis"</p><p>BMC Neurology 2006;6():17-17.</p><p>Published online 25 Apr 2006</p><p>PMCID:PMC1459868.</p><p>Copyright © 2006 Grosskreutz et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</p>rt was mildly affected by disease. Note that some patients had barely gone into rapid progression whereas others have remained stable at a high score

Real time PCR analysis of glycine receptor subunits expressed by NPCs after 1 and 3 weeks of differentiation.

<p>Quantitative real-time PCR (SYBR green assay) was performed for each transcript and control (β2-microglobulin). Cycle threshold (Ct) values were normalized to the Ct values of the control and are given as log2^−ΔCt (ΔCt = Ct – Ct β2-microglobulin). Data are presented as means ± S.E.M. of 3 independent experiments (3 NPC lines) each performed in duplicate. A, The bar graph shows predominant expression of α2 and β subunits in NPCs differentiated for 3 weeks that is significantly different from all other glycine receptor subunits; significant differences between log2^−ΔCt values are marked (***p<0.001, ANOVA and Newman-Keuls post test). B, After 1 week of cell maturation the various glycine receptor isoforms are not yet expressed to a significantly different extent. The expression of α2, α4 and β subunits was markedly lower in NPCs differentiated for 1 week than for 3 weeks.</p

Glycine-induced Ca²⁺ signalling in fura-2 loaded NPCs differentiated for 1 or 3 weeks.

<p>A, Changes in [Ca²⁺]_i were evoked by application of 100 µM glycine (Gly), 100 µM D-serine (D-Ser), 20 µM strychnine (Stry), and 50 mM KCl in cells differentiated for 3 weeks. The trace is the mean response of eight cells from a representative experiment. B, Summary of the [Ca²⁺]_i response amplitudes (n = 22–27 cells; means ± SEM) and fractions of cells (n = 60–75 from 86 cells) responding to different stimuli was obtained from 4 experiments as shown in A. C, NPCs differentiated for 1 week showed smaller increases in [Ca²⁺]_i upon application of 100 µM glycine and 50 mM KCl. The trace is the mean response of 8 cells from a representative experiment. D, Fractions of cells differentiated for 1 week (n = 7–29 of 139 cells) or 3 weeks (n = 60–75 from 86 cells) responding to different stimuli were obtained from 5 and 4 experiments as shown in A and C, respectively.</p

Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of glycine receptor subunit expression in human mesencephalic NPCs after 1 and 3 weeks of differentiation.

<p>Primer sequences, amplification product in base pairs, and mean ΔCt values ± SEM (n = 3) are given for each investigated receptor subunit (*p<0.05, t-test). Note, a low ΔCt value represents a high expression level.</p