Several Amino Acids and Carnitine Transport Activities of the Epithelial Cells of Bovine Mammary Gland

We investigated several amino acids and carnitine transport activities of bovine mammary gland epithelial cells. Gly, Ala, Gln, Glu, Arg, Leu, cystine and carnitine transport activities at 1 μmol/L substrate concentration were 24.0 ± 3.97, 90.9 ± 13.4, 32.5 ± 9.0, 14.2 ± 5.1, 48.9 ± 11.4, 48.8 ± 5.1, 22.7 ± 6.8 and 2.56 ± 0.96 nmol/mg protein/min, respectively. Na-dependency of transport was observed in Gly, Ala and Gln, but not in Arg, Leu and carnitine. Glu and Cys transport activity without Na condition were reduced to 36%, 63% in Na-free condition, respectively. Carnitine transport activities were low but detectable with or without Na condition. There was no correlation between amino acid transport activities and their concentrations in milk. The data clarified in this paper will be basic data for metabolic analysis of bovine mammary gland

Arthroscopic approaches to and anatomy of the shoulder joint of cattle: a cadaver study.

BACKGROUND Arthroscopic surgery is described as a minimally invasive technique for diagnosis, exploration and treatment of joint disorders. It allows intraarticular structures to be assessed accurately, thereby improving the diagnostic capabilities, and it broadens the spectrum of surgical techniques feasible for treatment of articular pathologies in cattle. This study aimed to assess for cattle the described arthroscopic approaches to the shoulder joint of horses, and to describe the appearance of the corresponding intraarticular structures of the shoulder joint. Additionally, to perform histological examination where tissues were identified and assessed arthroscopically, but the tissue type was uncertain using cadaveric limbs from cattle of different age categories without any signs of orthopedic diseases of the front limbs. RESULTS An anatomic and arthroscopic investigation with 34-cadaveric forelimbs from 20-cattle was performed. The arthroscope was inserted either immediately cranial or 1-cm caudal to the tendon of the infraspinatus muscle for the cranial and caudal approaches, respectively. The shoulder joints were examined with the limbs in either horizontal non-pulled position, abducted non-pulled position using a three-pod limb holder adjustable in height, or horizontal manually pulled position. Arthroscopy was performed using a rigid 30°arthroscope (18-cm length, 4-mm outer diameter) to view the synovial pouches with their synovial villi and the following structures: cranial rim of the glenoid, cranial portion of the humeral head, incisura-glenoidalis, caudal rim of the glenoid, caudal portion of the humeral head, and cranial and caudal cul-de-sac. Abduction of the limb allowed improved visualization of the lateral portion of the joint. Pulling the limb facilitated investigation of the medial portion of the joint. Generally, the distention range was higher in younger as compared to adult cattle, and visualization of the medial portion of the joint was, therefore, facilitated in younger animals. The main complications observed were subcutaneous fluid extravasations and partial-thickness articular cartilages wear-lines. CONCLUSION The described arthroscopic techniques allowed good overall visualization of the most relevant anatomical structures within the healthy cadaveric joint. Further investigations are warranted to evaluate the diagnostic and therapeutic applications of these techniques and the prognosis of arthroscopic surgery as a tool for the treatment of joint lesions

Comparison of Vaccination Protocols for Bovine Herpesvirus Type1 and Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

We investigated the immune responses against bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) by two different vaccination protocols. An attenuated-live vaccine (containing BHV-1 and BVDV-1) and an inactivated vaccine (containing inactivated virus antigens of BHV-1, BVDV-1, and BVDV-2) were used. Two different immunization protocols were investigated: inoculation of live vaccine 28 days after inactivated vaccine inoculation (KL), and inoculation of inactivated vaccine 28 days after live vaccine inoculation (LK). Antibodies against BHV-1, BVDV-1, and BVDV-2 were examined. Antibody titer against BHV-1 was significantly higher in calves vaccinated by the KL protocol 30 days post inoculation (dpi). On the other hand, antibody titer against BVDV-1 was significantly lower in calves vaccinated by the KL protocol 30 dpi. However, approximately equivalent antibody titers were observed using either protocol by 56 dpi. No significant difference in antibody titer against BVDV-2 was observed between the two protocols, with a nearly equivalent immune response acquired by 56 dpi. These results suggest that when combination vaccines are used, the vaccination protocol should be selected depending on the prevalence of infectious diseases in each farm