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Exploring the Gantt chart as a tool to highlight double report in case series published during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, some studies describing diferent aspects of the infection included very similar participants, rising suspicion about double reporting. We aimed to evaluate the Gantt chart as a tool to highlight possible double reporting. The chart is routinely used in business applications to depict tasks of a project, by plotting horizontal bars against time, showing their time span and overlaps. Methods: All case reports and case series of pregnant women with COVID-19, published by July 15, 2020, were included. Initial and final dates of participants’ enrollment, country, city, hospital, and number of pregnancies were plotted in the Gantt chart. Bars stand for enrollment dates of each study, according to hospital and city, thus allowing comparisons. Results: We included 116 articles in the present analysis. The Gantt chart highlighted papers in which some participants were likely the same, thus allowing easier identifcation of double reporting of cases. Combining all information and pregnancy characteristics and outcomes helped to recognize duplications when the authors did not acknowledged the previous publication. Conclusions: Unintended double reporting may occur, especially in exceptional times. The Gantt chart may help researchers to visually identify potential duplications, thus avoiding biased estimates in systematic reviews or meta-analysis

Low gestational weight gain in obese women and pregnancy outcomes

Obesity during pregnancy and excessive weight gain during this period are associated with several maternal–fetal and neonatal complications. Moreover, a significant percentage of women have weight retention in the postpartum period, especially those with excessive weight gain during pregnancy. The recommendations of the 2009 Institute of Medicine were based on observational studies that have consistently shown that women with weight gain within the recommended range had better outcomes during pregnancy. In patients with obesity, however, there is no recommendation for weight gain, according to the class of obesity. This review, therefore, aims to evaluate the evidence on key maternal and fetal complications related to low weight gain during pregnancy in obese and overweight patients

Diabete melito : diagnóstico, classificação e avaliação do controle glicêmico

Diabete e alterações da tolerância à glicose são freqüentes na população adulta e estão associados a um aumento da mortalidade por doença cardiovascular e complicações microvasculares. O diagnóstico destas situações deve ser feito precocemente, utilizando métodos sensíveis e acurados, já que mudanças no estilo de vida e a correção da hiperglicemia podem retardar o aparecimento do diabete ou de suas complicações. O teste oral de tolerância à glicose é o método de referência, considerando-se a presença de diabete ou tolerância à glicose diminuída quando a glicose plasmática de 2 h após a ingestão de 75 g de glicose for ≥ 200 mg/dl ou ≥ 140 e < 200 mg/dl, respectivamente. Quando este teste não puder ser realizado, utiliza-se a medida da glicose plasmática em jejum, considerando-se como diabete ou glicose alterada em jejum quando os valores forem ≥ 126 mg/dl ou ≥ 110 e < 126 mg/dl, respectivamente. A medida da glico-hemoglobina não deve ser utilizada para o diagnóstico, mas é o método de referência para avaliar o grau de controle glicêmico a longo prazo. A classificação etiológica proposta atualmente para o diabete melito inclui 4 categorias: diabete melito tipo 1, diabete melito tipo 2, outros tipos específicos de diabete e diabete gestacional. A classificação do paciente é usualmente feita em bases clínicas, mas a medida de autoanticorpos e do peptídeo C pode ser útil em alguns casos.Diabetes mellitus and other categories of impaired glucose tolerance are frequent in the adult population and are associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease and microvascular complications. The diagnosis of these entities should be performed early and using sensitive and accurate methods, since lifestyle changes and correction of hyperglycemia may delay the incidence of diabetes and its complications. Glucose tolerance test is the reference method and the diagnosis of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance are established when the 2 h plasma glucose after the oral intake of 75 g of glucose is ≥ 200 mg/dl or ≥ 140 and < 200 mg/dl, respectively. When it is not possible to perform this test, fasting plasma glucose levels ≥ 126 mg/dl or ≥ 110 and < 126 mg/dl, respectively, are used to establish the diagnosis of diabetes and impaired fasting plasma glucose. Glycohemoglobin should not be used for the diagnosis but it is the reference method for evaluation of the long term glucose control. The etiological classification of diabetes mellitus includes 4 categories: type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes and gestational diabetes. The assignment of the patient in each category usually is made on clinical grounds, however in some case could be necessary the measurement of C-peptide and auto antibodies

Vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of adverse neonatal otcomes in gestational diabetes

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and vitamin D deficiency have been associated with increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes but the consequences of both conditions simultaneously present in pregnancy have not yet been evaluated. Our objective was to study the influence of vitamin D deficiency in neonatal outcomes of pregnancies with GDM. Methods: 184 pregnant women with GDM referred to specialized prenatal monitoring were included in this cohort and had blood sampled for 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurement. Vitamin D was measured by chemiluminescence and deficiency was defined as < 20 ng/mL. Participants were followed until puerperium and adverse neonatal outcomes were evaluated. Results: Newborns of women with vitamin D deficiency had higher incidences of hospitalization in intensive care units (ICU) (32 vs 19%, P = 0.048), of hypoglycemia (any, 17.3 vs 7.1%, P = 0.039 requiring ICU, 15.3 vs 3.6%, P = 0.008), and were more frequently small for gestational age (SGA) (17.3 vs 5.9%, P = 0.017). After adjustment, relative risk (RR) for hypoglycemia requiring ICU was 3.63 (95%CI 1.09±12.11) and for SGA was 4.32 (95%CI 1.75± 10.66). The incidence of prematurity, jaundice and shoulder dystocia was no statistically different between groups. Conclusions: In this cohort of pregnant women with GDM, vitamin D deficiency was associated with a major increase in the incidence of adverse neonatal outcomes such as SGA newborns and neonatal hypoglycemia