Male migration and problems face by the family left behind: A case study of Thesil Daska

Migration can bring financial prosperity but it causes the absence of traditional and cultural figure from family, which ultimately brings a change in the lives of left behinds, the wives and children. This research aims to explore the economic, social and psychological perspectives of an effected family. Qualitative nature of inquiry has been used. Study found that migrant’s children enjoy greater opportunities of education and health. Migration have positive relationship with budget allocation for educational and health requirements. But the psychological disturbances become the part of the personality of the children left behind because they miss the shelter of father. Similarly women feel economically well-established but they also feel emotional stress, loneliness and sadness. My research will helps the policy makers and stakeholders to frame the evidence based social policies which minimize the negative impact of migration on family left behind

Splenic abscess: Outcome and prognostic factors

Objective: To determine the spectrum of presentation, treatment outcome and prognostic factors of splenic abscess in a tertiary care hospital. Study Design: Case-series. Place and Duration of Study: Department of General Surgery, the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from July 1988 to July 2007. Methodology: The records of 27 patients with splenic abscess, diagnosed from 1988 to 2007, were retrieved through ICD-10 coding system. The demographic data, physical and radiological findings, treatment modalities, bacteriology reports, morbidity and mortality were collected on a proforma. Results: There were 12 males and 15 females with a mean age of 43.52+/-17.49 years. Common symptoms were fever (92.6%), abdominal pain (55.6%) and malaise (29.6%). Majority of patients (89%) had leukocytosis and 63% patients had associated diseases with which they were admitted. The most common pathogenic organism was Staphylococcus species and gram-negative rods. Ultrasound was used as a preliminary diagnostic modality, which was often followed by CT scan. Thirteen patients were treated with intravenous antibiotics, 8 underwent percutaneous drainage and 6 patients required splenectomy with respective survival rates of 84%, 87.5% and 83%. Mortality rate was 14.81% but no statistically significant difference between 3 treatment groups was manifested. There was significant difference between treatment groups regarding the size of the abscess (p=0.01) and hospital stay (p=0.04). Splenectomy was done when abscess size was \u3e10 cm and hospital stay were increased in the radiological drainage group. Conclusion: Splenic abscess is an uncommon surgical entity. High index of suspicion and liberal use of radiological studies is essential for timely diagnosis. Most of the patients could be cured with non-operative treatment. Splenectomy is a safe procedure for patients with abscess size more than 10 cm and patients not responding to non-operative treatment

Impact of structured meetings on the learning of faculty members

Objective: To determine impact of structured meetings on learning and faculty developmentMethodology: The observational cross sectional study was conducted at Bahria University Medical &Dental College from October 2010 to March 2011. Feed back of all faculty members of university wasacquired on weekly structured meeting (with alternating theme of journal club and problem based scenariopresentation) by a self reported questionnaire. The responses obtained on a 5-point Likert scale weredivided into two groups; I, senior faculty (professors, associates and assistants) II, junior faculty(lecturers). Chi square test was applied to compare categorical variables and results considered significantwith p value\u3c 0.05.Result: 49 faculty members; 15 in Group I and 34 in Group II responded, 90% respondent considered it tobe a healthy activity. Senior faculty agreed to the usefulness of structured meetings in terms of facultydevelopment, social interaction, provision of learning opportunities, upgrading of presentation,communication, listening and critical appraisal skills, understanding of biostatistics, self awareness,personal productivity and tolerance to listen to criticism more than the junior faculty (p-value 0.000).Conclusion: The perception regarding weekly structured meeting indicated that it enhanced faculty\u27sknowledge, improved presentation skills, enhanced confidence level, developed positive attitudes andpromoted educational leadership qualities in the faculty all through interaction and dialogue

A CADAVERIC STUDY OF THE BRANCHING PATTERN OF RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY IN PAKISTANI POPULATION

Background:  It is very common for coronary arteries to vary in their origin, course and area of distribution. The knowledge about these variations is unequivocally important for a cardiac surgeon and physician. However, the prevalence of such variations varies among different populations. The already available data on variations in the anatomy of coronary arteries is mostly based on studies conducted on the western population and quite a few studies report the coronary arterial patterns of Asian population. Between the two main coronary arteries, i.e. the right coronary artery (RCA) and left coronary arteries (LCA), variation in the branching pattern of RCA is more common than LCA. The present study investigated the branching pattern of RCA in the local population in Pakistan and hence will add to the existing data on inter- and intra-population frequencies of branching pattern of RCA among non-Europeans.   Methods:  It was an observational study of six months duration and conducted on dissection cadavers available in various medical colleges of Rawalpindi and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The branching pattern of RCA was studied by blunt dissection method.   Results:  Right marginal, conus, Sinuatrial (SA) nodal, atrioventricular (AV) nodal and posterior descending arteries (PDA) were arising from RCA in majority of cases. However, the branching pattern varied from one heart to another as reported in other studies carried out in developed countries. The frequencies of branching patterns of RCA varied from those already reported in literature.  Conclusions:   RCA manifest anatomical variations in branching pattern as reported in international literature and this variation is different in different populations of the world which indicates that postnatal development, along with differences based on geography and ethnicities might contribute to the modification of anatomical pattern of coronary arteries in humans. 

THE INFLUENCING FACTORS OF CO2 EMISSIONS AND THE ADOPTION OF ECO-INNOVATION ACROSS G-7 ECONOMIES: A NOVEL HYBRID MATHEMATICAL AND STATISTICAL APPROACH

The present study empirically analyzes the role of eco-innovation in plummeting carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in conjunction with renewable energy usage, foreign direct investment, and trade openness for the states in G-7 from 1990 to 2019 in a mathematical and statistical context. Under the dynamical framework, the estimates of mathematical grey relational analyses indicate that eco-innovation holds a stronger degree of association with CO2 emissions. Further, the estimates demonstrate that, compared to the other G-7 states, Japan is the country where eco-innovation is a more striking variable. However, renewable energy utilization seems weaker in Japan, which necessitates adopting renewable energy to curb carbon emissions in the region. Statistically, the odds ratio illustrates a similar pattern, demonstrating that the odds of occurrence for eco-innovation are much stronger in reducing the rising levels of carbon emissions within the G-7 states. Moreover, trade openness and foreign direct investment were revealed to be the leading contributors to carbon emissions in Germany and Canada, respectively, whilst appearing to be significant variables in lowering emissions in the United States and the United Kingdom. The outcomes of this investigation offer significant perspectives for policymakers in formulating holistic and environmentally friendly policies by embracing eco-innovation as a potentially significant component for sustainable economic expansion and environmental health

CHILD LABOURS STILL A HURDLE IN COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT

Child labor is basically exploiting the underage children in any form forcing them to work illegally which harms or abuses them. This abuse may be by physical, method or sexually depriving the children (child labors) of their rights of basic education. Generally, every school of thought believes that child labor would be absent in the developed countries due to their higher economic strata. Sadly, this is far from true. Be it any country, the degree of abuse is just the same. We have landed on moon but failed to the cudgels on behalf of small children who do not even know that they are being explained. In this research work we have selected Distract Bahawalpur for the purpose to get in-depth  knowledge about child labor  and strategies related to its eradication .For this purpose 800 samples is selected through simple random sampling. Among these 800, 400 are the children working in different industries and 400 are their parents. Again half of the sample is taken from rural as well as the half portion from urban area. Before distributing the final questioner’s pilot testing of the questioners was made. Finally the data was analyzed as after the classification of data, tabulation and interpretation were done. First of all simple and cross table were made. After their approval, the frequencies were fed, subsequently. The tables were described on the basis of percentages and averages. The tables were then analyzed and interpreted both descriptively and statistically. On the basis of that interpretation, conclusions were drawn as most of the parents in rural areas were happy that their children are working and play their role in earning while as 22% children were also happy with their present work .But the satisfaction level in urban area from the prospective of both children’s and parents was low but they are following because of large family size, lack of financial resources ,in order to satisfy their needs, and other socioeconomic and psychological requirements

Positional effect of phosphorylation sites 266 and 267 in the cytoplasmic domain of the E2 protein of hepatitis C virus 3a genotype: Interferon Resistance analysis via Sequence Alignment

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Interferon is well thought-out as the key defence against all infections including HCV. The only treatment for HCV infection is pegylated interferon alpha (IFN-α) but unluckily more than half of the infected individuals do not act in response to the cure and become chronic HCV carriers. The mechanism how HCV induce interferon resistance is still elusive. It is recently reported that HCV envelope protein 2 interacts with PKR which is the interferon-inducible protein kinase and which in turn blocks the activity of its target molecule called eukaryotic initiation factor elF2. Sequence analysis of Envelope protein reveals it contains a domain homologous to phosphorylation sites of PKR andthe translation initiation factor eIF2alpha. Envelope protein competes for phosphorylation with PKR. Inhibition of kinase activity of PKR is postulated as a mechanism of to interferon (IFN) resistance.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Present study involves the insilico investigation of possible role of potential phosphorylation in envelope 2 protein of 3a genotype in interferon resistance. Envelope protein coding genes were isolated from local HCV isolates, cloned and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis was done and tertiary structure of envelope gene was predicted. Visualization of phosphorylation in tertiary structure reveals that residue 266 and 267 of envelope gene 2 are surface exposed and their phosphorylation may compete with the phosphorylation of PKR protein and possibly involved in mediating Interferon Resistance.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>A hybrid in-silico and wet laboratory approach of motif prediction, evolutionary and structural analysis has pointed out serine 266 and 267 of the HCV E2 gene as a hopeful claimant for the serine phosphorylation. Recognition of these nucleotide variations may assist to propose genotype precise therapy to avoid and resolve HCV infections.</p