4 research outputs found

    Successful Treatment of Pneumothorax in a Dog With Sterile Pleural Fibrosis Caused by Chylothorax

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    A 2-year-old, 12 kg, intact male crossbreed dog was presented with respiratory distress, exercise intolerance, and gagging. Plain thoracic radiographs revealed severe pleural effusion. Although bilateral needle thoracocentesis and chest tube placement were performed, no re-expansion of the lung lobes occurred. Pleural effusion was of chylous quality and led to lung entrapment. Computer tomography revealed a highly atrophic and atelectatic right middle lung lobe. The remaining lung lobes were only expanded to ~40%. Visceral pleura and pericardium showed a heterogeneous thickening consistent with pleural fibrosis. Partial pericardiectomy with resection of the middle lung lobe through a right lateral thoracotomy was performed. Ligation of the thoracic duct and ablation of the cisterna chyli was achieved through a single paracostal approach. Histopathology revealed chronic-active proliferative beginning granulomatous pleuritis, fibrotic pericarditis, and partial coagulative necrosis with incomplete granulomatous sequestration in the resected middle lung lobe. Chylothorax resolved after surgical intervention. Active pleural effusion resolved, and lung entrapment changed to trapped lung disease. The remaining lung lobes re-expanded to ~80% over the following 6 days. The dog was discharged 10 days later. Mild to moderate pleural effusion of non-chylic quality was present during the following 4 months. Meloxicam was administered for 4 months because of its anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory properties. Fifteen months later, thoracic radiographs revealed full radiologic expansion of the lungs with persistent mild pleural fibrosis. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case report of pneumothorax due pleural fibrosis caused by chylothorax in a dog with an excellent clinical outcome

    Treatment of 5 dogs with immune-mediated thrombocytopenia using Romiplostim

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    Background Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) in dogs is analogous to that in humans. Romiplostim, a novel thrombopoietin receptor (TPO-R) agonist, is currently used for the treatment of refractory ITP in humans, but not in dogs. Here, we describe the response to romiplostim in five dogs with refractory ITP. Five dogs with severe and refractory ITP (three primary and two secondary) received romiplostim subcutaneously. Four dogs were administered 3–5 ÎŒg/kg and one dog received 10–13 ÎŒg/kg body weight once weekly. Results Romiplostim was well-tolerated and administration was associated with an increase in platelet counts in all five dogs. Four of the five dogs entered remission and relapses were not observed over a follow-up period of 3–10 months. Conclusions Romiplostim is effective in the treatment of ITP in dogs at least as well as in humans. This finding may help to develop and use new therapeutics for ITP in dogs and humans

    Giardia duodenalis in Small Animals and their Owners - Study to ascertain the Prevalence, Zoonotic Potential and Epidemiological Factors

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    Giardia duodenalis (Synonyme: G. intestinalis, Giardia lamblia) wird ein Zoonosecharakter aufgrund des Nachweises humanpathogener Genotypen (Assemblagen) bei Haustieren zugesprochen. Die Bedeutung der Tiere als Ansteckungsquelle fĂŒr den Menschen ist jedoch weiterhin unklar. Mit Hilfe dieser unizentrisch, prospektiv gefĂŒhrten Studie sollte die PrĂ€valenzrate von G. duodenalis bei Hunden und Katzen einer Kleintierklinikpopulation und der mit ihnen lebenden Menschen bestimmt werden. Zudem sollten ĂŒber Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) die Assemblagen von Tier und Mensch identifiziert und das mögliche Zoonosepotential ermittelt werden. Epidemiologische Gesichtspunkte einer Giardia-Infektion bei Hunden und Katzen sollten mit Hilfe teilstandardisierter Fragebögen erfasst werden. HierfĂŒr wurden von April 2012 bis Februar 2014 an der Klinik fĂŒr kleine Haustiere der FU Berlin Kotproben von 618 Hunden, 156 Katzen und 69 Menschen gesammelt. Die initiale Analyse der Tierproben erfolgte mit Hilfe eines ELISA, der Humanproben mittels Immunfluoreszenzanalyse fĂŒr Giardia-Detektion. Das MLST wurde an folgenden Gen-Loci durchgefĂŒhrt: Triosephosphat-Isomerase-, Glutamat-Dehydrogenase-, ÎČ -Giardin-Gen. Bei den Tierproben erfolgten zusĂ€tzliche PCR-Analysen am Triosephosphat-Isomerase Dog Genlocus sowie an der ssurRNA. Positive Resultate im Antigennachweis ergaben sich bei 101/618 (16,3%) Hunde-, 10/156 (6,4%) Katzen- sowie 1/69 (1,59%) Humanproben. Eine erneute Beprobung des positiv getesteten Menschen ergab ein negatives Ergebnis. 2 weitere Menschkotproben konnten mittels real time PCR positiv getestet werden. Die Sequenzierrate betrug bei den Kotproben der Hunde 54/113 (47,8%), der Katzen 1/10 (10%) sowie der Menschen 2/3 (66,7%). Die Verteilung der nachgewiesenen Assemblagen war wie folgt: Hunde A n=12, A/C n=2; A/D n=4, B n=2; B/D n=1; C n=7; C/D n=2, D n=24; Katzen D n=1; Menschen B n=2. Die 70 Humankotproben stammten aus 38 Haushalten mit 31 Hunden und 7 Katzen. 13/31 Hunde, 1/7 Katzen und 1/70 Mensch waren mittels ELISA bzw. Immunfluoreszenzanalyse positiv. Eine Genotypisierung war bei 4/13 Hunden mit folgender Verteilung möglich: A=2, B=1, C=1; D=2. Ein ĂŒbereinstimmendes Ergebnis konnte mit der Assemblage B bei einem Probenpaar ermittelt werden. Statistisch signifikant war das junge Alter der Hunde (p=<0,001) bezĂŒglich einer Giardia-Infektion. Dieser Zusammenhang konnte nicht fĂŒr die Katzenpopulation bestĂ€tigt werden (p=0,739). Eine nĂ€herungsweiser Zusammenhang konnte zwischen intakten Hunden (p=0,071) einerseits sowie intakten HĂŒndinnen andererseits (p=0,064) und dem Giardia-ELSIA Testergebnis gefunden werden. Aufgrund der geringen Anzahl der Katzen konnten keine signfikanten ZusammenhĂ€nge ermittelt werden. Die Hunde wurden je nach Rasse gemĂ€ĂŸ der FĂ©dĂ©ration Cynologique Internationale (FCI) in 10 Gruppen eingeteilt. Gruppe 11 fasste Mischlinge und Rassen ohne FCI-Anerkennung zusammen. Es ergaben sich keine statistisch signfikanten ZusammenhĂ€nge bezĂŒglich einer Giardia-Infektion. Es konnten allerdings erhöhte Odds Ratio fĂŒr FCI-Gruppe 10 (OR=2,53) und 8 (OR=1,4) berechnet werden. 8/10 (80,0%) ELISA positiv getesteten Tieren waren EuropĂ€isch Kurzhaar Katzen. Von den positiv getesteten Tieren wiesen 67/101 (66,3%) Hunde sowie 8/10 (80,0%) Katzen gastrointestinale Symptome auf. Hinsichtlich des Auftretens abdominaler Schmerzen (p=0,008), Fieber (p=0,037), breiiger/ungeformter Kot (Wald; p=0,029) und dem Giardia-Testergebnisses konnten statistisch signfikante ZusammenhĂ€nge in der Hundepopulation festgestellt werden. Eine erhöhte Odds Ratio konnte fĂŒr das Symptom abdominale Schmerzen (OR=3,54; 95%CI=1,39-9)gefunden werden. Die hĂ€ufigsten Symptome der positiv getesteten Katzen waren akuter Durchfall (n=5) und Erbrechen (n=4). Die Kotkonsistenz war bei den meisten Katzen (n=5) ungeformt/breiig (p=0,035). HĂ€ufungen von Giardia-Infektionen konnten beim Hund in Gebieten mit den Postleitzahlen 109, 121, 122, 140, 141, 144 und 145 mit 5-13 Infektionen gesehen werden. Kartografisch bestand zwar ein scheinbarer Bezug zu Hundeauslaufgebieten und GewĂ€ssern (semiquantitativ und -qualitative Auswertung). Letzteres konnte ĂŒber die Fragebogenanalyse nicht bestĂ€tigt werden. Es bestanden keine statistischen ZusammenhĂ€nge hinsichtlich des Kontaktes zu anderen Tieren (p=0,968). Hinsichtlich des zeitlichen Aufenthaltes im Freien und eines positiven Giardia Testresultates bestanden keine signifikanten ZusammenhĂ€nge (p=0,419). 3/5 (60,0%) Giardia positiven Katzen, die in der Wohnung gehalten wurden, hatten Kontakt zu anderen Tieren. Hinsichtlich der verbrachten Zeit im Freien bestanden keine signfikanten ZusammenhĂ€nge (p=0,881). Signifikante ZusammenhĂ€nge einer generellen Medikamenteneinnahme der Hunde und dem ELISA Ergebnis bestanden nicht (p=0,346). Die 38 hĂ€ufigsten Medikamente wurden in 5 verschiedene Medikamentengruppen eingeteilt. Es konnte ein einfach signfikanter Zusammenhang zwischen dem Giardia ELISA Testergebnis und dem Einsatz von Antiemetika (p=0,036; OR=0,50; 95%CI=0,27-0,96) gefunden werden. Entwurmungen hatten in der untersuchten Hundepopulation keinen Einfluss auf das Giardia-Testergebnis . An Pneumonie erkrankte Hunde wiesen hĂ€ufiger eine Giardia-Infektion auf (p=0,026; OR=2,97; 95%CI=1,14-7,74). 7 der 10 Giardia positiv getesteten Katzen wiesen eine Grunderkrankung auf. 8/10 Katzen waren zum Zeitpunkt der Studie nicht entwurmt. BezĂŒglich der RohfĂŒtterung von GeflĂŒgel, Ente, Rind, Schwein und Pferd konnten zwar keine statistisch signifikanten ZusammenhĂ€nge, jedoch erhöhte Odds Ratio festgestellt werden. Dies galt nicht fĂŒr die VerfĂŒtterung von handelsĂŒblichem Fertigfutter. Inwiefern die FĂŒtterung bei Katzen einen Einfluss auf eine Giardia-Infektion hat, sollte in weiteren Studien mit einer grĂ¶ĂŸeren Katzenpopulation untersucht werden. Vorherige Infektionen bei Hunden erhöhten die Chance einer Infektion um das 2,23fache (p=0,087). Dies konnte fĂŒr die Katzenpopulation aufgrund der geringen Anzahl untersuchter Tiere nicht bestimmt werden. In der Hundepopulation bestanden keine signfikanten ZusammenhĂ€nge bezĂŒglich eines generellen Auslandsaufenthaltes (p=0,187). Die in dieser Studie ermittelten PrĂ€valenzraten entsprechen den Angaben der Literatur. Humanpathogene Assemblagen konnten bei Hunden nachgewiesen werden. Ein Zoonoserisiko konnte jedoch nicht gĂ€nzlich ausgeschlossen werden. Neben den bekannten epidemiologischen Risikofaktoren wie junges Alter, Kastrationsstatus und Kontakt zu Hundeparks oder OberflĂ€chengewĂ€ssern, sind Reisen, vorherige Giardia-Infektionen, RohfĂŒtterung oder FĂŒtterung von Selbstgekochtem nicht zu unterschĂ€tzende Faktoren. Keine oder auch nur milde gastrointestinale Symptome schließen eine Infektion nicht aus. Entwurmungen haben keinen protektiven Charakter. Zudem sollten Besitzer zu ihrem eigenen Schutz und zum Schutz der Tiere auf mögliche Gefahren und Infektionswege von Parasiten besser aufgeklĂ€rt werden.Giardia duodenalis (synonym: G. intestinalis, G. lamblia) is considered to a have a zoonotic potential due to the detection of human pathogen genotypes (assemblages A and B) in domestic animals. The relevance of animals as a source of infection in humans remains unclear. Within an internal, prospective study the prevalence rate of G. duodenalis in dogs and cats of a clinic population should to be determined. Furthermore, the assemblages of the animals and humans should be analysed by multi locus sequence typing (MLST) to enable the identification of the potential zoonotic risk. Epidemiological risk factors of a Giardia infection should be determined by a partly standardised questionnaire. From April 2012 to May 2014 fecal samples of 618 dogs, 156 cats and 69 humans were collected at the Clinic for Small Animals, FU Berlin. The initial analyses were performed by ELISA (animal samples) and immunofluorescence anaylsis for Giardiadetection in human samples. The MLST was carried out on the following gene-loci: triosephosphat-isomerase-, glutamate-degydrogenase-, ÎČ-giardin-gene. The animal samples were also analysed by triosephosphat-isomerase dog gene and at the ssurRNA. Positive results of antigen detection were obtained as follows: 101/618 (16,3%) dog, 10/156 (6,4%) cat and 1/69 (1,59%) human samples. The positive human was negativ in the repeated sample. 2 other persons could be tested positive by RT-PCR. The sequencing rate was 54/113 (47,8%) in dog, 1/10 (10%) in cat and 2/3 (66,7%) in human samples. The distribution of identified assemblages was as follows: dogs A n=12, A/C n=2; A/D n=4, B n=2; B/D n=1; C n=7; C/D n=2, D n=24; cats D n=1; humans B n=2. The 70 human fecal samples were stemming from 38 households with 31 dogs and 7 cats. 13/31 dogs, 1/7 cats and 1/70 human were detected positive by ELISA or immunofluorescence analysis. Genotyping was successful in 4/13 dogs with the following distribution: A=2, B=1, C=1; D=2. A consistent result was detected in one pair of sample with the assemblage B (human and dog). The dogs‘ young age was statistically significant in the context of a Giardia-infection (Mann Whitney U Test p=<0,001). This relationship was not found in the cat population (Mann Whitney U Test p=0,739). An approximate significance exists for the relationship between the Giardia ELISA test result and on the one hand unsterilized dogs in total p=0,071 and the other hand unsterilized female dogs p=0,064. The number of cats was too small for reliable statistical analyses. The dogs` breeds were classified into 10 groups according to the FĂ©dĂ©ration Cynologique Internationale (FCI). Crossbreed dogs and breeds with no acceptance of the FCI were summarized in group 11. No significant statistical correlations regarding a Giardia-infection and breed could be seen. However, a higher OR for FCI group 10 (OR=2,53) and 8 (OR=1,4) could be calculated. 8/10 (80,0%) ELISA- positive tested cats belonged to European Shorthair. The remaining two animals were a Maine Coon and a crossbreed cat. From the animals tested positive 67/101 (66,3%) dogs and 8/10 (80,0%) cats had gastrointestinal symptoms. Regarding the signs abdominal pain (p=0,008), fever (p=0,037), unformed faeces (p=0,029) and the Giardia-test result there were statistically significant connections. Higher OR was found for the sign abdominal pain (OR=3,54; 95%CI=1,39-9). The most common signs of the cats tested positive were acute diarrhea (n=5) and vomitus (n=4). The majority of cats had unformed feaces (n=5; p=0,035). Accumulations of Giardia-infections in dogs were detected in areas with the postcodes 109, 121, 122, 140, 141, 144 and 145. In these areas 5-13 infections were detected. Based on a semi-quantitative and -qualitative cartographical evaluation a relationship between exercising places for dogs and open waters and infection were determined. This could not be proven within the questionnaire`s results. There was no statistical connection between infection and contact to other animals (p=0,968). Intermittent stays outdoors do not seem to enhance the risk of infection as no siginificant correlation with a positive Giardia-test was found (p=0,419). 3/5 (60%) of the Giardia positive cats which lived only indoors had contact to other animals. 2/3 (66,7%) had contact to other indoors cats, 1/3 (33,3%) to a dog. No statistical relationship existed between the time the animal was kept outdoors and the Giardia-test (p=0,881). Also no statistical correlations were detectable with drug intake of the dogs and the ELISA test result (p=0,346). The 38 most frequently administered drugs were divided into 5 different medication groups (antibiotics, analgetics, immunosuppresiva, gastric protectino and antiemetics). A simple significant correlation was found between Giardia ELISA test result and antiemetics (p=0,036; (OR=0,5 (95%CI=0,27-0,96).. Deworming status had no influence on the Giardia test result in dogs. A statistical correlation between pneumonia and the ELISA result was found in dogs (p=0,026). If a pneumonia was present, the chance for proving a Giardia-infection was 2,97. 3/10 Giardia positive cats had no underlying disease. At the time of this study 8/10 cats were not dewormed (p=0,021). Regarding feeding raw poultry, beef, pigs, ducks and horse meet no statistical relations were detected, but higher ORs were found in dogs. That was not the case for using commercially food. Feeding raw vegetable (OR=1,26) and salad (OR=1,41) rose also the OR for Giardiainfection. How feeding plays a role in Giardia-infections in cats has to be analysed in future studies with a higher number of cats. Initial infections in dogs increased the chance of a new infection by 2,23. The number of cats was to low for reliable statistical analysis. In this study no significant connections were determined between Giardia-infection and stays abroad. The prevalence rate of infection reflected the literature references. Animals without any gastrointestinal signs can be infected. Transmission of Giardia from small animal to humans (and vice versa) cannot be excluded as potential zoonotic assemblages were detected. Especially young and not dewormed animals had a higher risk of infection. Humanpathogen assemblages (A and B) were detected in dogs. A zoonotic risk could not be excluded. In addition to the known epidemiological risk factors like young age, castration status and contact to parks and waters, also journeys to foreign countries, previous infections, raw feeding or home-made food should not be underestimated as potential risk factors. No or mild gastrointestinal signs do not exclude infection. Deworming of dogs has no, of cats an apparently protective character. Moreover, owners should be made aware of potential risks and infection routs of parasites for their own and animals` protecti
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