Grand-average across gray mouse lemurs of the normalized electroencephalographic (EEG) power density spectra between 0 and 30 Hz relative to the active and passive behavioral states.

<p>These spectra refer to the daytime (N = 11) and nighttime (N = 6) periods of interest. Lemurs having an insufficient amount of artefact-free EEG epochs in the passive state for the final analysis were not considered (daytime: L#4 and L#10; nighttime: L#1, L#2, L#3, L#4, L#11, L#12, and L#13).</p

Mean (± standard error, SE) percentage and the amount of electroencephalographic (EEG) epochs with and without artifacts in the active and passive behavioral states.

<p>These values refer to the daytime and nighttime periods of interest.</p

Mean values (± SE) of the normalized EEG power density in the active and passive states at the frequency bands of interest.

<p>These values refer to the daytime (N = 11) and nighttime (N = 6) periods of interest. Lemurs having an insufficient amount of artefact-free EEG epochs in the passive state for the final analysis were not considered (daytime: L#4 and L#10; nighttime: L#1, L#2, L#3, L#4, L#11, L#12, and L#13). In the figure, the illustrated values refer to the results of two ANOVAs. The first ANOVA showed a statistically significant interaction (F(7,70) = 34.556; p = 0.0001) between the factors Condition (active and passive states; independent variable) and Band (1–2 Hz, 2–4 Hz, 4–6 Hz, 6–8 Hz, 8–10 Hz, 10–12 Hz, 12–20 Hz, and 20–30 Hz) in the daytime. The second ANOVA showed a statistically significant interaction (F(7,35) = 16.103; p = 0.00001) between the same factors in the nighttime. Asterisks indicate the statistically significant differences (Duncan’s post hoc test; p<0.05).</p

Individual values of the mean rectified EMG activity for any lemur and the active and passive states.

<p>These values refer to the daytime (N = 11) and nighttime (N = 6) periods of interest. The mean (± SE) of the rectified EMG activities are also plotted. Lemurs having an insufficient amount of artefact-free EEG epochs in the passive state for the final analysis were not considered (daytime: L#4 and L#10; nighttime: L#1, L#2, L#3, L#4, L#11, L#12, and L#13).</p

Experimental design.

<p>A) In experiment 1, animals of the “ctl” group received 23 h rest (light+dark phase) between the ends of the training on day 1 to the starting of the testing on the day 2. Animals of the “SD-retrieval” group received 15 h rest after training, followed by 8 h of sleep deprivation which occurred before testing. Animals of the “SD-training” group received 8 h of sleep deprivation before training, and then received 23 h rest before testing. B) In experiment 2, after 3 days of training, testing on day 4 was assessed after 8 h of SD in “SD-retrieval” group, or after rest in “ctl” group.</p

Individual EEG spectral power density values at frequency bands of interest (1–2 Hz, 2–4 Hz, 4–6 Hz, 6–8 Hz, 8–10 Hz, 10–12 Hz, 12–20 Hz, and 20–30 Hz) for any lemur (one circle = one lemur) and the active and passive states.

<p>These values refer to the daytime (N = 11) and nighttime (N = 6) periods of interest. Lemurs having an insufficient amount of artefact-free EEG epochs in the passive state for the final analysis were not considered (daytime: L#4 and L#10; nighttime: L#1, L#2, L#3, L#4, L#11, L#12, and L#13). The mean (± standard error, SE) EEG power density values are also plotted.</p

Scatterplots relative to the results of a correlation analysis (Pearson test; p<0.05) across gray mouse lemurs between the normalized EEG power density and the mean rectified EMG activity in the active state.

<p>These values refer to the daytime (N = 13) and nighttime (N = 13) periods of interest.</p

Effects of sleep deprivation on spatial learning and memory after 1 day of training A) Number of errors, B) Rank of the target zone and C) Latency (sec).

<p>Performances during training (day 1) and testing (day 2) in “ctl”, “SD-retrieval” and “SD-training” groups of the experiment 1. Significant differences for the comparison of day 1 and day 2 (Wilcoxon signed rank test) are indicated as * (p<0.05).</p

Effects of sleep deprivation on spatial learning and memory after 3 days of training (A) Number of errors, (B) Rank of the target zone and (C) Latency (sec).

<p>Performances during last training (day 3) and testing (day 4) in “ctl” and “SD-retrieval” groups of the experiment 2.</p

Hypnograms recorded during A) 8 h of SD period and B) corresponding 8 h of control period by electroencephalography.

<p>Ar = artifact, QW = quiet wake, AW = active wake, PS = paradoxical sleep, SWS = slow wave sleep.</p