Synthesis of the Antiproliferative Agent Hippuristanol and Its Analogues from Hydrocortisone via Hg(II)-Catalyzed Spiroketalization: Structure–Activity Relationship

An efficient synthesis of hippuristanol (<b>1</b>), a marine-derived highly potent antiproliferative steroidal natural product, and nine closely related analogues has been accomplished from the commercially available hydrocortisone utilizing Hg­(II)-catalyzed spiroketalization of 3-alkyne-1,7-diol motif as a key strategy. This practical synthetic sequence furnished <b>1</b> in 11% overall yield from hydrocortisone in 15 linear steps. Modifications to the parent molecule <b>1</b> encompassed changing the functional groups on rings A and E. Each analogue was screened for their effects on inhibition of cap-dependent translation, and the assay results were used to establish structure–activity relationships. These results suggest that the stereochemistry and all substituents of spiroketal portion (rings E and F) and C3-α and C11-β hydroxyl functional groups on rings A and C, respectively, are critical for the inhibitory activity of natural product <b>1</b>

Synthesis of Rocaglamide Hydroxamates and Related Compounds as Eukaryotic Translation Inhibitors: Synthetic and Biological Studies

The rocaglates/rocaglamides are a class of natural products known to display potent anticancer activity. One such derivative, silvestrol, has shown activity comparable to taxol in certain settings. Here, we report the synthesis of various rocaglamide analogues and identification of a hydroxamate derivative (−)-<b>9</b> having activity similar to silvestrol in vitro and ex vivo for inhibition of protein synthesis. We also show that (−)-<b>9</b> synergizes with doxorubicin in vivo to reduce Eμ-Myc driven lymphomas

Protospacer Adjacent Motif (PAM)-Distal Sequences Engage CRISPR Cas9 DNA Target Cleavage

<div><p>The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated enzyme Cas9 is an RNA-guided nuclease that has been widely adapted for genome editing in eukaryotic cells. However, the <i>in vivo</i> target specificity of Cas9 is poorly understood and most studies rely on <i>in silico</i> predictions to define the potential off-target editing spectrum. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq), we delineate the genome-wide binding panorama of catalytically inactive Cas9 directed by two different single guide (sg) RNAs targeting the <i>Trp53</i> locus. Cas9:sgRNA complexes are able to load onto multiple sites with short seed regions adjacent to ^5′NGG^3′ protospacer adjacent motifs (PAM). Yet among 43 ChIP-seq sites harboring seed regions analyzed for mutational status, we find editing only at the intended on-target locus and one off-target site. <i>In vitro</i> analysis of target site recognition revealed that interactions between the 5′ end of the guide and PAM-distal target sequences are necessary to efficiently engage Cas9 nucleolytic activity, providing an explanation for why off-target editing is significantly lower than expected from ChIP-seq data.</p></div

Multiplexed All-in-One vector to Direct Off-set nicking eliminates off-target cleavage.

<p><b>A.</b> Schematic representation of retroviral vectors expressing individual or pairs of sgRNAs in the presence of Cas9 or Cas9 (D10A). <b>B</b>. Quantitation of GFP⁺<i>Arf^−/−</i>MEFs transduced with the indicated vectors expressing Cas9 (pQCiG) or Cas9 (D10A) (pQDiG) with individual or pairs of p53 exon 7-targeting sgRNAs (sgp53-1, -860, and -904). The MLS-p53.1224 retrovirus expressing an shRNA to p53 was used as a positive control. Four days after transduction, cells were exposed to vehicle or Nutlin-3a for the indicated period and analyzed on a GUAVA EasyCyte HT flow cytometer (Millipore). n = 3±SD. <b>C</b>. Colony formation assay of infected <i>Arf^−/−</i>MEFs with the indicated retroviral vectors. 5000 cells were seeded, exposed to Nutlin-3a for 12 days at which point they were stained with methylene blue. <b>D</b>. SURVEYOR assay of p53 [Exon7] and OT#7 from DNA isolated from pQCiG/sgp53-1 and pQDiG/sgp53-1/sg-860 infected cells selected with Nutlin-3a for 12 days. Relative band intensities were quantified using ImageJ (National Institutes of Health). n = 3±SD. <b>E</b>. Location and frequency of each sequenced mutation across 60 nucleotides centered around the genomic nucleotide that aligns to 3^rd nucleotide of the seed sequence upstream of the PAM of the sgp53-1 guide RNA (the predicted site of Cas9-mediated cleavage), for both <i>Trp53</i> (exon 7) and OT#7 loci. <i>Arf^−/−</i>MEFs were transduced with the viruses indicated above the panel. The locus analyzed is indicated on the top right. Blue indicates deletion and red indicates insertions.</p

Base Complementarity of the PAM distal target region and the 5′ crRNA end affects engagement of Cas9 nuclease activity.

<p><b>A.</b> Sequence comparison of oligonucleotides harboring the wt p53 [Exon 7] target motif (underlined) and mutants harboring mismatches at nucleotides 16–20 of the crRNA guide target. Flanking 5′ and 3′ regions indicated by dots were maintained constant and are the same as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109213#pone-0109213-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2A</a>. <b>B</b>. <u>Left panel:</u> Assessment of Cas9 binding to oligonucleotides shown in Panel A by EMSA. <u>Right panel:</u> Cleavage reactions of oligonucleotides shown in Panel A. The “-RNA” lanes indicate the absence of crRNA and tracrRNA. Quantifications were performed on a Typhoon Trio Variable Mode Imager with a Fuji imaging screen. n = 3±SD.</p

Binding Data for Cas9, dmCas9, and crRNA Substrates.

a<p>Reported as the average and standard error of the mean from 2–3 independent experiments.</p>b<p>Calculated by dividing each K_d value by the K_d for Cas9:cr20:tracrRNA:p53[Exon 7].</p><p>Binding Data for Cas9, dmCas9, and crRNA Substrates.</p

Model Illustrating Target Sequence Dependency for Cas9 Target Binding and Cleavage.

<p>Following PAM sampling by the Cas9:sgRNA complex, only PAM-proximal sequences are required for Cas9:sgRNA:target nucleation and are sufficient for complex formation <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109213#pone.0109213-Sternberg1" target="_blank">[11]</a>. Our study indicates that PAM-distal complementarity with the sgRNA (and a minimum sgRNA guide length of 17 nucleotides) is required to engage Cas9 target cleavage.</p

<i>In vitro</i> DNA binding and cleavage properties of recombinant Cas9 and dmCas9 to the p53-1 target site.

<p><b>A.</b> Nucleotide sequence of oligonucleotide probes harboring the p53 exon 7-target site. The PAM motif is highlighted in yellow. The 20 nucleotide guide target is underlined by a dash line. <b>B</b>. Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE of purified recombinant Cas9 and dmCas9 protein. <b>C</b>. <i>In vitro</i> binding to, and cleavage of, p53 [Exon 7] by Cas9. The presence or absence of Cas9, dmCas9, tracrRNA, and crRNA (harboring a guide sequence to <i>Trp53</i> exon 7; cr20: ^5′GUGUAAUAGCUCCUGCAUGG^3′) is indicated above the panels. <u>Left panel:</u> EMSA resolved on a 5% native polyacrylamide gel. <u>Right panel:</u> Visualization of p53 [Exon 7] cleavage products by Cas9/tracr/crRNA resolved on a 10% polyacrylamide/8M urea gel. crRNA, CRISPR RNA; tracrRNA, trans-activating crRNA. <b>D</b>. Specificity of binding to, and cleavage of p53 [Exon 7]. EMSA and cleavage assays were performed with a crRNA targeting <i>Trp53</i> exon 7 (p53-1) or a neutral control (TLR: ^5′GAGCAGCGUCUUCGAGAGUG^3′). <b>E</b>. Cleavage of p53 [Exon 7] by the indicated concentrations of Cas9. The “-RNA” lane indicates the absence of both crRNA and tracrRNA. Quantification is shown below the panel in the reaction mix. -, below limit of detection. n = 3±SD. <b>F</b>. EMSA with the indicated concentrations of Cas9 or dmCas9 to p53 [Exon 7]. The “-RNA” lane indicates the absence of both p53-1crRNA and tracrRNA. <b>G</b>. Quantification of EMSA of Cas9 and dmCas9 binding to p53 [Exon 7] in the presence of tracrRNA and crRNA (cr20). Quantitations were performed on a Typhoon Trio Variable Mode Imager with a Fuji imaging screen. n = 3±SD.</p

Number and Percentage of Total, Aligned, Duplicate, and Processed Reads Obtained from Chromatin Immunoprecipitates or Whole Cell Extracts (WCE) of Arf^−/− MEFs infected with pQdmCiG, pQdmCiG/sgp53-1, or pQdmCiG/sgp53-3.

<p>*After mapping and removal of duplicates.</p><p>Number and Percentage of Total, Aligned, Duplicate, and Processed Reads Obtained from Chromatin Immunoprecipitates or Whole Cell Extracts (WCE) of Arf^−/− MEFs infected with pQdmCiG, pQdmCiG/sgp53-1, or pQdmCiG/sgp53-3.</p

Genome-wide binding of sgp53/dmCas9.

<p><b>A.</b> Schematic representation of retroviral vector design expressing sgp53-1 or sgp53-3, dmCas9, and GFP. <b>B</b>. Genomic tracks displaying ChIP-seq and WCE-seq data from sgp53-1/dmCas9-, sgp53-3/dmCas9-, and dmCas9-infected cells across a ∼12 kbp region spanning p53. The RefSeq gene track for <i>Trp53</i> is shown below the profiles. <b>C</b>. Identification of enriched motifs in sgp53-1/dmCas9 and sgp53-3/dmCas9 ChIP samples. The p53 exon target site and flanking PAM (red) are indicated. The sequence logo depicts the nucleotide distributions of overrepresented binding sites found by MEME-ChIP analysis in segments targeted specifically by sgp53-1/dmCas9 (25 sites, p-value 1.4×10⁻²⁰) and sgp53-3/dmCas9 (24 sites, p value 3.2×10⁻¹⁵). <b>D</b>. <u>Top:</u> ChIP-enriched sequence read density. <u>Bottom:</u> Distribution of seed motif adjacent to a PAM within ∼500 bp of peak summits. <b>E</b>. Location and mutation frequency across 48 nucleotides centered from the 3^rd nucleotide of the seed sequence upstream of the PAM (set at 0) for sgp53-1, OT#7, and sgp53-3 target sites. Blue indicates deletion and red indicates insertions. The percentage of read counts harboring mutations is indicated below the panel.</p