The use of geomagnetic field models in magnetic surveys

The importance of global geomagnetic field models for the reduction of magnetic surveys is discussed. It is demonstrated that a numerical model with adequate secular variation correction, provides a suitable representation of the regional field. The limitations of the presently available models are reported, with emphasis on the International Geomagnetic Reference Field

A global magnetic anomaly map

A subset of POGO satellite magnetometer data has been formed that is suitable for analysis of crustal magnetic anomalies. Using a thirteenth order field model, fit to these data, magnetic residuals have been calculated over the world to latitude limits of plus 50 deg. These residuals averaged over one degree latitude-longitude blocks represent a detailed global magnetic anomaly map derived solely from satellite data. Preliminary analysis of the map indicates that the anomalies are real and of geological origin

Magsat: A satellite for measuring near earth magnetic fields

Magsat, designed for making measurements of the geomagnetic vector field, is evaluated. For accurate vector measurements the attitude of the fluxgate magnetometer will be determined to about 15 arc-seconds. Expected measurement accuracy will be 6 (gamma) in each component and 3 in magnitude. The Magsat data will be applied to solid earth studies including modeling of the Earth's main magnetic field, delineation of regional magnetic anomalies of crustal origin, and interpretation of those anomalies in terms of geologic and geophysical models. An opportunity will be presented to the scientific community to participate in data use investigations

Seismic representation theorem coupling: synthetic SH mode sum seismograms for non-homogeneous paths

In this paper the methods for representation theorem coupling of finite-element or finite difference calculations and propagator matrix method calculations (Harkrider) are developed.The validity and accuracy of the resulting hybrid method are demonstrated.The resulting hybrid technique can be used to study the propagation of any phase that can be represented in terms of an SH mode sum seismogram, across regional transition zones or other heterogeneities. These heterogeneities may exist in regions which form subsegments of a longer, mostly plane-layered, path. Examples of structures of interest through which such waves can be propagated using these techniques include, regions of crustal thickening or thinning such as continent-ocean transitions or basins, anomalous bodies of any shape located in the path, and sudden transitions from one layered structure to another. Examples of the types of phases that may be propagated through these structures include Love waves, L_g, S_n, and S_a

General CMB and Primordial Trispectrum Estimation

We present trispectrum estimation methods which can be applied to general non-separable primordial and CMB trispectra. We present a general optimal estimator for the connected part of the trispectrum, for which we derive a quadratic term to incorporate the effects of inhomogeneous noise and masking. We describe a general algorithm for creating simulated maps with given arbitrary (and independent) power spectra, bispectra and trispectra. We propose a universal definition of the trispectrum parameter $T_{NL}$, so that the integrated bispectrum on the observational domain can be consistently compared between theoretical models. We define a shape function for the primordial trispectrum, together with a shape correlator and a useful parametrisation for visualizing the trispectrum. We derive separable analytic CMB solutions in the large-angle limit for constant and local models. We present separable mode decompositions which can be used to describe any primordial or CMB bispectra on their respective wavenumber or multipole domains. By extracting coefficients of these separable basis functions from an observational map, we are able to present an efficient estimator for any given theoretical model with a nonseparable trispectrum. The estimator has two manifestations, comparing the theoretical and observed coefficients at either primordial or late times. These mode decomposition methods are numerically tractable with order $l^5$ operations for the CMB estimator and approximately order $l^6$ for the general primordial estimator (reducing to order $l^3$ in both cases for a special class of models). We also demonstrate how the trispectrum can be reconstructed from observational maps using these methods.Comment: 38 pages, 9 figures. In v2 Figures 4-7 are altered slightly and some extra references are included in the bibliography. v3 matches version submitted to journal. Includes discussion of special case

Numerical modelling of SH L_g waves in and near continental margins

The effect of transition regions between continental and oceanic structures on the propagation of L_g waves from continental sources is examined. In particular, the attenuation due to variations in layer thickness in such transition regions is calculated and explained for a suite of simple models. The measured attenuation, due to the geometry of the transition regions between the oceanic and continental structures within a partially oceanic path with source and receiver in a continental structure, is at most a factor of four for frequencies from 0.01 to 1 Hz. This is inadequate to explain the observed extinction of L_g along such paths. This extinction has previously been attributed to the effects of the transition region geometry. The method used to calculate the results presented in this study is developed and its validity and accuracy are demonstrated. Propagator matrix seismograms are coupled into a Finite Element calculation to produce hybrid teleseismic SH mode sum seismograms. These hybrid synthetics can be determined for paths including any regional transition zone or other heterogeneity that exists as part of a longer, mostly plane-layered, path. Numerical results presented for a suite of transition models show distinct trends in each of the regions through which the wavefield passes. The wavefield passes through a continent-ocean transition region, then a region of oceanic structure, and finally through an ocean-continent transition region. When an L_g wavefront passes through a continent-ocean transition, the amplitude and coda duration of the L_g wave at the surface both increase. At the same time, much of the modal L_g energy previously trapped in the continental crust is able to escape from the lower crust into the subcrustal layers as body waves. The magnitude of both these effects increases as the length of the transition region increases. When the wavefront passes through the region of oceanic structure further energy escapes from the crustal layer, and produces a decrease in L_g amplitude at the surface. The rate of amplitude decrease is maximum near the transition region and decreases with distance from it. When the wavefield passes through the ocean-continent transition region a rapid decrease in the L_g amplitude at the surface of the crust results. The energy previously trapped in the oceanic crustal layer spreads throughout the thickening crustal layer. Some of the body wave phases produced when the wavefield passes through the continent-ocean transition region are incident on the continental crust in the ocean-continent transition region. These waves are predominantly transmitted back into the crust. The other body wave phases reach depths below the depth of the base of the continental crust before reaching the ocean-continent transition and, thus, escape from the system

Improved definition of crustal magnetic anomalies for MAGSAT data

The routine correction of MAGSAT vector magnetometer data for external field effects such as the ring current and the daily variation by filtering long wavelength harmonics from the data is described. Separation of fields due to low altitude sources from those caused by high altitude sources is affected by means of dual harmonic expansions in the solution of Dirichlet's problem. This regression/harmonic filter procedure is applied on an orbit by orbit basis, and initial tests on MAGSAT data from orbit 1176 show reduction in external field residuals by 24.33 nT RMS in the horizontal component, and 10.95 nT RMS in the radial component