Risk Assessment of Human Exposure to Pesticides in Food

U ovome preglednom radu prikazane su metode procjene rizika od akutne i kronične izloženosti ljudi ostacima pesticida unesenih hranom. U hrani su često prisutni ostaci više različitih pesticida. Međutim rizik od istodobne izloženosti ostacima različitih pesticida nije moguće utvrditi jer trenutačno ne postoji međunarodno prihvaćeni postupak kumulativne procjene rizika. Stoga se procjena rizika temelji na toksikološkoj procjeni pojedinačnog spoja u određenoj vrsti hrane. Za izračun akutnog unosa najčešće se upotrebljava tzv. međunarodna procjena kratkoročnog unosa (engl. international estimation of short-term intake, IESTI). Model izračuna IESTI temelji se na tzv. metodi najgoreg scenarija uz pretpostavke da će osoba u kratkom vremenu konzumirati veliku količinu hrane koja sadržava najveći određeni maseni udio pesticida te uzimajući u obzir i nehomogenost distribucije ostataka pesticida u hrani. Kronična izloženost ostacima pesticida procjenjuje se uz primjenu tzv. determinističkog modela koji je analogan izračunu maksimalnoga dnevnog unosa.This review presents methods for the assessment of acute and chronic risk from pesticide residues in food. Multiple pesticide residues can often be found in food. Currently, there is no internationally accepted procedure for the assessment of cumulative exposure to multiple pesticide residues in food. Therefore, risk assessment is based on toxicological evaluation of single compounds in a food matrix. The international estimation of short-term intake model (IESTI) has been used to calculate acute intake. IESTI is based on "the worst-case scenario" and addresses the possibility that consumers sometimes eat large amounts of a food item, and such a large amount might contain residues at highest levels. However, it should take into account uneven distribution of pesticide residues in food. Chronic exposure is based on a deterministic approach, analogous to the calculation of the theoretical maximum daily intake

Changes in pain, daily occupations, lifestyle, and health following an occupational therapy lifestyle intervention:a secondary analysis from a feasibility study in patients with chronic high-impact pain

Objectives: This study explored changes in pain-related parameters, occupational function, occupational balance, lifestyle factors, and self-perceived health status in adults with chronic high-impact pain participating in an occupational therapy lifestyle intervention. Methods: This one-group longitudinal feasibility study was performed in three continuous feasibility rounds. The occupational therapists-led intervention targeted meaningful occupations, regular physical activity, and a healthy diet. The intervention contained individual and group sessions and was added to the standard multidisciplinary chronic pain treatment. Outpatients (n=40, 85 % females, 46.6 ± 10.9 years old) participated in the study between April 2019 and December 2021. The analysis includes data for 31 participants. Analysis of pre-post changes assessed after each feasibility round were performed for the outcomes: pain intensity, pain sensitivity and pain modulation (pressure pain threshold and tolerance, temporal summation of pain and conditioned pain modulation), pain self-efficacy, pain catastrophizing, motor and process skills, occupational balance, daily wake-time movement, daily walking steps, body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, and selfperceived health status. Results: Improvements in motor skills (assessment of motor and process skills score=0.20 (1.37; 1.57), 95 % CI 0.01; 0.38) and temporal summati95 % CI −2.16; −0.22), but a decrease in pain tolerance (−7.110 (54.42; 47.32), 95 % CI −13.99; −0.22) were observed. Correlation analysis suggested moderate-to-very strong statistically significant relationships in several outcomes related to pain, health, pain coping, occupational balance, occupational functioning, body anthropometrics, and pain sensitivity. Conclusions: This study suggested that the lifestyle intervention would benefit motor skills while effects on other outcomes were unclear in adults with chronic pain. To confirm the findings, a randomized trial evaluating effectiveness is needed.</p