Look-up Tables to Link 1991 Population Statistics to the 1998 Local Government Areas

Between 1995 and 1998 the local authority structure and geography of the United Kingdom was substantially revised. The two-tier system of local government was abolished in Wales, Scotland, and in parts of non-metropolitan England, and replaced with a single-tier system. This involved the creation of a new set of local authority area boundaries which in many places cut across those of the old districts. In addition, many of the local authorities unaffected by the reorganisation nonetheless had experienced small - though demographically significant - boundary changes since the last census. By the time the final phase of the reorganisation came into effect on 1st April 1998 the local government map of the United Kingdom was very different from that of April 1991. There is a need therefore to provide demographic and other geographically based data for the new geography for years prior to 1998. This paper aims to fill a part of this requirement by focusing on two important issues. First, it describes a look-up table detailing exactly how the 1998 local government geography relates to 1991 Census areas, and second, it sets out methods for producing 1991 Census data and mid-1991 population estimates (including single year age detail) for the new geography. A selection of the results produced by the described methods is included in tables and population pyramids

The Edge of a Gamma Ray Burst Afterglow

We discuss the formation of spectral features in the decelerating ejecta of gamma-ray bursts, including the possible effect of inhomogeneities. These should lead to blueshifted and broadened absorption edges and resonant features, especially from H and He. An external neutral ISM could produce detectable H and He, as well as Fe X-ray absorption edges and lines. Hypernova scenarios may be diagnosed by Fe K-$\alpha$ and H Ly-$\alpha$ emission lines.Comment: M.N.R.A.S., accepted July 16 1998; submitted June 4 1998; latex, 11 page

Gamma-ray bursts as X-ray depth-gauges of the Universe

We discuss the X-ray flux of gamma-ray burst afterglows at redshifts in the range 3-30, including the effects of the intergalactic He II absorption. We point out that strong X-ray lines may form locally in burst afterglows starting minutes after the trigger. This can provide distinctive X-ray distance indicators out to the redshifts where the first generation of massive stars form.Comment: ApJ(Lett) in press 5/31/03; subm. 5/7/0

Delayed Gev Emission from Cosmological Gamma-Ray Bursts : Impact of a Relativistic Wind on External Matter

Sudden collapse of a compact object, or coalescence of a compact binary, can generate an unsteady relativistic wind that lasts for a few seconds. The wind is likely to carry a high magnetic field; and its Lorentz factor depends on the extent to which it is 'loaded' with baryons. If the Lorentz factor is $\sim 100$, internal dissipation and shocks in this wind produce a non-thermal gamma-ray burst, detectable in the range 0.1\MeV \siml E_\gamma \siml 0.1-1\GeV out to cosmological distances. The cooled wind ejecta would subsequently be decelerated by the external medium. The resultant blast wave and reverse shock can then give rise to a second burst component, mainly detectable in the GeV range, with a time delay relative to the MeV burst ranging from minutes to hours.Comment: 5 pages, plain Te

Gamma-Ray Bursts: Multiwaveband Spectral Predictions for Blast Wave Models

In almost any scenario for 'cosmological' gamma-ray bursts (and in many models where they originate in our own Galaxy), the initial energy density is so large that the resulting relativistic plasma expands with $v\sim c$ producing a blast wave ahead of it and a reverse shock moving into the ejecta, as it ploughs into the external medium. We evaluate the radiation expected from these shocks,for both cosmological and galactic bursts, for various assumptions about the strength of the magnetic field and the particle acceleration mechanisms in the shocks. The spectra are evaluated over the whole range from the IR to $>$ GeV, and are compared with the variety of spectral behavior reported by BATSE, and with the X-ray and optical constraints. For bursts of duration \simg 1\s acceptable $\gamma$-ray spectra and $L_x/L_\gamma$ ratios are readily obtained for 'cosmological' models. Blast waves in galactic models can produce bursts of similar gamma-ray fluence and duration, but they violate the X-ray paucity constraint, except for the shorter bursts (\siml 1\s). We discuss the prospects for using O/UV and X-ray observations to discriminate among alternative models.Comment: 7 pages with one figure (figure in uuencoded compressed postscript file),te

WaND Briefing Note 28 Revised Options for UK Domestic Water Reduction - A Review

Demand pressure on UK water supplies is expected to increase in the next 20 years driven by increasing population, new housing development and reducing household size. Regionally and at town level migration will also affect demand particularly in the South-East which is forecast to have a larger than average growth in population and house building. The water demand moderating trends that are considered to have the greatest effect on UK consumption, in approximate order, are: 1. Metering 2. Low flush toilets 3. Normal showers 4. Efficient washing machines 5. Dishwashers 6. Cistern displacement devices (in existing homes with large cisterns) 7. Water efficient gardening measures can play an important role in reducing demand during critical drought period

Internal Migration and Regional Population Dynamics in Europe: United Kingdom Case Study

This case study examines recent population change patterns and internal migration activity in the United Kingdom. A wealth of knowledge about population dynamics in Britain is revealed. The spatial patterns of population change and net migration are intricate mosaics of gains and losses. Gains and losses in population were principally determined by net internal migration. The decade long population change patterns and one year long migration patterns were in close agreement. This was surprising in view of temporal instability in population change and migration patterns. The dominant spatial pattern was one of deconcentration from the cores of city regions to hinterlands for both the largest metropolises and also their subsidiary partner cities. There were also signs of loss in population and migrants in declining resource regions(former mining areas, fishing ports) and gains in new resource frontiers - particularly in northeast Scotland reflecting the vigorous development of onshore facilities for the offshore oil and gas fields of the North Sea. The pattern of overall population and migrant redistribution was predominantly that of the middle labour force/family ages reinforced at much lower mobility levels but with sharper patterns of redistribution by the pre-retirement and retirement ages. People in the young adult ages in contrast redistributed to different destinations, showing a unique shift to the dense neighbourhoods of big cities. With respect to the urban system, there was significant redistribution both downward and outward. Downward redistribution meant shifts from large metropolitan cities to medium and small sized freestanding cities. Outward redistribution meant shifts to the outer commuting rings around cities, often deep into the countryside, This was not a return to the rural idyll, merely the expansion of the daily urban systems to cover most of lowland Britain. Strong preferences for low density living were revealed by shifts towards districts in Rural Areas and by net flows to low density wards and sectors. Similar strong shifts out of areas of above average into below average unemployment were detected, though both relationships with density and unemployment were either not present or weak for young adults. Some ambiguity was revealed in the fortunes of Inner London areas. Migration data from the 1991 Census showed intense outward movement. Downward population shifts were on a lesser scale because of the compensating effects of higher than average natural increase and high immigration. However, a re-analysis of 1991 population by ONS led to a substantial upward revision of London borough populations, and so places doubt on the size of outward shift of population through internal migration

The Options for UK Domestic Water Reduction: A Review

Demand pressure on UK water supplies is expected to increase in the next 20 years driven by increasing population, new housing development and reducing household size. Regionally and locally migration will also afect demand particularly in the South-East. The water reduction trends that will have the greatest reduction effect on UK consumption are: 1. For new homes; metering and new efficiencies in design and construction (e.g. low flush toilets, heating and plumbing efficiences) 2. For established housing; metering and modern washing machines