17 research outputs found
Results of theropod specimen BMR P2002.4.1.
<p>A) Theropod bone sample prior to EDTA demineralization. Scale bar equals 5 cm. B) Partial demineralization of theropod sample, showing “etched” vessels released during demineralization. Scale bar equals 1 mm. C) Release of resistant vessels from fossil bone. Scale bar equals 1 mm.</p
Results of thescelosaur specimen BMR P2006.4.309.
<p>A) SEM images of thescelosaur samples prior to demineralization. Scale bar equals 10 cm. B) Thescelosaur samples at 330Ă— magnificaiton, showing bacterial cells filling the surface pores. C) Thescelosaur samples at 2200Ă— magnification, showing the mineralized bacterial cells in fossil specimens. D) EDS results of the mineralized bacterial cells in fossilized thescelosaur samples, showing a Ca- and P-rich signature.</p
Higher magnification SEM images of biofilm growth on extant <i>G. gallus</i> bone.
<p>A) Biofilm on inner pore surface. B) Higher magnification of <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0013334#pone-0013334-g007" target="_blank">Figure 7A</a>, showing individual bacterial cells and EPS. Debris and diatoms are adhered to the biofilm. C) Biofilm surrounding surface pore and clean bone surface. D) Higher magnification of <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0013334#pone-0013334-g007" target="_blank">Figure 7C</a>, showing biofilm on inner pore surface.</p
Ceratopsian specimen BMR P2006.4.1 bone fragments.
<p>A) Bone fragments prior to demineralization. Scale bar equals 5 cm. B) Light microscopy image of ceratopsian sample after demineralization, revealing a network of pliable, how vessels and tubes. Scale bar equals 1 mm. C) SEM image of pliable ceratopsian extracts at 4,500Ă— magnification. D) EDS signature of SEM image 12(C), high in carbon, iron, and silica.</p
SEM and EDS results of ceratopsian specimen BMR P2006.4.1.
<p>A) SEM image at 650Ă— magnification of pliable ceratopsian vessels. B) SEM image at 4,500Ă— magnification of framboids identified in pliable ceratopsian vessels. C) EDS signature of framboids, rich in iron.</p
Thescelosaur bone sample extracts after complete demineralization in EDTA.
<p>A) Light microscopy image of branching, fragile, semi-transparent vessels remaining after demineralization. Scale bar equals 1 mm. B) SEM image of thescelosaur extract, at 55Ă— magnification. C) EDS analysis of frangible thescelosaur extracts, rich in calcium an d phosphate.</p
Examples of biofilm infiltration classes for extant archosaur bone.
<p>A) Class 0: a pore on a fractured bone sample from <i>A. mississippiensis</i> showing no biofilm infilling; B) Class 1: a pore on a fractured bone sample from <i>A. mississippiensis</i> showing a biofilm coating the inner pore wall; C) Class 2: pores from a whole bone sample of <i>A. mississippiensis</i> showing a significant biofilm coating on the inner pore walls; D) Class 4: a pore from a fractured bone sample of <i>G. gallus</i> showing a complete infiltration or covering of the pore. All images shown at 300Ă— magnification.</p
SEM and EDS results of <i>G. gallus</i> control sample.
<p>A) SEM image of primary soft tissue in <i>G. gallus</i> control sample with primary blood cells observable. B) EDS results of primary soft tissue in <i>G gallus</i> control sample showing a high abundance of carbon.</p
Histograms of (A) pore size distributions and (B) pore infiltration distribution among extant archosaur samples.
<p>Histograms of (A) pore size distributions and (B) pore infiltration distribution among extant archosaur samples.</p