Estimation of future extreme rainfall in Barcelona (Spain) under monofractal hypothesis

Climate change effects on subdaily rainfall (from 5¿min to a few hours) can hardly be measured in mid-latitude climates due to the high natural variability of the precipitation patterns and their effects on local topography. The goal of this study was to obtain change projections of intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves, for up to 2-h precipitation events, comparing two approaches that use the daily outputs of the downscaled Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) multi-model projections: (a) direct scaling of the expected probable precipitation, from 2-year to 500-year return periods of daily rainfall and (b) a new semi-stochastic approach, built by combining the physically forced outputs of climate models (on a daily scale) and stochastic simulation given by the probability distribution of a concentration index (n-index) for individual rainfall events (on a subdaily scale). The approaches were applied to a set of 27 stations located around Barcelona, Spain, including a long reference series (with 5-min rainfall records since 1927), representing the highly variable Mediterranean climate. The validation process showed a systematic error (bias) generally smaller than 10%, especially for rainfall extreme events with durations of less than 2¿h. The concentration n-index and IDF curves were projected by 10 downscaled CMIP5 climate models under 2 emission scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), obtaining a consensual increase in both relative concentration and absolute intensities in Barcelona. Ensemble projection of rainfall concentration (n-index) showed an increase up to 10% by 2071–2100 and about 20% (15%–30% range) for maximum intensities of 2-year to 500-year return periods. Results provide robustness in decision-making regarding the design of stormwater management infrastructure at a local scale.This study has been partially developed under the ‘RESilience to cope with Climate Change in Urban arEas’ (RESCCUE) project, funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (Grant agreement number: 700174) and under the ‘Improving ClimAte Resilience of crItical Assets’ (ICARIA) project, funded by the European Union's Horizon Europe, Cluster 5—Climate, Energy and Mobility (EC Project Code: 101093806). The work is also supported by the Ministry for the Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge (MITECO) of the Spanish Government under the two phases of the ‘IMpacts of climate change on wetlands Affected by GroUndwAter (IMAGUA)’ project. Finally, the authors would like to thank the reviewers for their thoughtful comments.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version