Using bijective maps to improve free energy estimates

We derive a fluctuation theorem for generalized work distributions, related to bijective mappings of the phase spaces of two physical systems, and use it to derive a two-sided constraint maximum likelihood estimator of their free energy difference which uses samples from the equilibrium configurations of both systems. As an application, we evaluate the chemical potential of a dense Lennard-Jones fluid and study the construction and performance of suitable maps.Comment: 17 pages, 11 figure

Controllability of inherently damped large flexible space structures

Graph theoretic techniques are used to study controllability of linear systems which represent large flexible orbiting space systems with inherent damping. The controllability of the pair of matrices representing the system state and control influence matrices is assured when all states in the model are reachable in a digraph sense from at least one input and also when the term rank of a Boolean matrix whose non trivial components are based on the state and control influence matrices has a term rank of the order of the state vector. The damping matrix does not influence the required number of actuators but gives flexibility to the possibility locations of the actuators for which the system is controllable

The dynamics and control of large flexible space structures, 2. Part A: Shape and orientation control using point actuators

The equations of planar motion for a flexible beam in orbit which includes the effects of gravity gradient torques and control torques from point actuators located along the beam was developed. Two classes of theorems are applied to the linearized form of these equations to establish necessary conditions for controlability for preselected actuator configurations. The feedback gains are selected: (1) based on the decoupling of the original coordinates and to obtain proper damping, and (2) by applying the linear regulator problem to the individual model coordinates separately. The linear control laws obtained using both techniques were evaluated by numerical integration of the nonlinear system equations. Numerical examples considering pitch and various number of modes with different combination of actuator numbers and locations are presented. The independent model control concept used earlier with a discretized model of the thin beam in orbit was reviewed for the case where the number of actuators is less than the number of modes. Results indicate that although the system is controllable it is not stable about the nominal (local vertical) orientation when the control is based on modal decoupling. An alternate control law not based on modal decoupling ensures stability of all the modes

On the shape and orientation control of an orbiting shallow spherical shell structure

The dynamics of orbiting shallow flexible spherical shell structures under the influence of control actuators was studied. Control laws are developed to provide both attitude and shape control of the structure. The elastic modal frequencies for the fundamental and lower modes are closely grouped due to the effect of the shell curvature. The shell is gravity stabilized by a spring loaded dumbbell type damper attached at its apex. Control laws are developed based on the pole clustering techniques. Savings in fuel consumption can be realized by using the hybrid shell dumbbell system together with point actuators. It is indicated that instability may result by not including the orbital and first order gravity gradient effects in the plant prior to control law design

On the shape and orientation control of an orbiting shallow spherical shell structure

A proposed method for controlling the shape and orientation of very large shallow dish type receiver/reflectors to be used in communication, radiometry and in electronic orbital based mail systems involves connecting a rigid light weight dumbell with heavy tip masses to the shell at its apex by a spring loaded double gimballed joint with dampling. To completely damp the system transient motion in all of the important lower frequency modes, an active control system is required. A mathematical model is extended to include the effects of point actuators located at preselected positions on the shell surface. The formulation of the uncontrolled dynamics assumes an a priori knowledge of the frequencies of all the elastic modes to be incorporated within the system model. As an example, three rigid body modes and six elastic modes are included in the model and six actuators are assumed, none of which lies on a nodal line or circle

Stability analysis of large space structure control systems with delayed input

Large space structural systems, due to their inherent flexibility and low mass to area ratio, are represented by large dimensional mathematical models. For implementation of the control laws for such systems a finite amount of time is required to evaluate the control signals; and this time delay may cause instability in the closed loop control system that was previously designed without taking the input delay into consideration. The stability analysis of a simple harmonic oscillator representing the equation of a single mode as a function of delay time is treated analytically and verified numerically. The effect of inherent damping on the delay is also analyzed. The control problem with delayed input is also formulated in the discrete time domain

Research Notes : United States : Evaluation of soybean germplasm for stress tolerance biological efficiency : To evaluate soybean germplasm and cultivars for stress tolerance toward : Micronutrients

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the response of different soybean genotypes to manganese application. Twenty-five soybean genotypes belonging to different maturity groups were grown in a greenhouse using a Lynch-burg sandy loam soil collected from Sampson County, NC. It is a coastal plain soil deficient in manganese. Manganese rates were 0, 15, and 30 kg per hec-tare. The experimental design was a split plot with three replications

Research Notes : United States : Evaluation of soybean germplasm for stress tolerance and biological efficiency : To evaluate soybean germplasm for biological efficiency in - Micronutrient Uptake

An investigation was carried out to evaluate soybean germplasm response to (1) manganese deficiency and toxicity, (2) various rates of manganese application, and (3) to different soil pH levels on manganese accumulation by the germplasm lines and their yield. Manganese rates were 0, 10, and 20 kg/ha. The pH levels were 5.3, 6.3, and 7.0. The germplasm lines tested were PI 159319, PI 324924, PI 960895 and L-76-0132

Research Notes : United States : Evaluation of soybean germplasm for stress tolerance and biological efficiency towards : Micronutrients

A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the sensitivity and tolerance of various soybean genotypes to high levels of soil manganese, and to strongly acid soil conditions. Forty-four soybean genotypes in Maturity Groups V, VI, VII, and VIII were evaluated, the soil used for the study was very high in manganese (90 ppm) and strongly acidic (pH 4.8), and was col-lected from Buncombe County, North Carolina. The soil pH levels were pH 4.8 (original soil pH), and pH 6.3