Fuzzy logic controller based DC-Link Voltage Self-Balance Method for Multilevel Converter with less Number of Voltage Sensors

In many inverters, Voltage balance of dc-link capacitors is very important for applications of a cascade multilevel converter or a modular multilevel converter. In this paper, a novel diode-clamped modular multilevel converter (DCM2 C) topology is proposed and a power feedback control method is developed with fuzzy logic controller. With the developed control strategy, the proposed diode-clamped circuit becomes controllable closed loop which enables the capacitor voltages to be clamped by low power rating clamping diodes. The proposed topology and control strategy has quicker response with transient state error reduction and requires much fewer voltage sensors than the normally used traditional method of multilevel inverters as diode clamped inverters; therefore, the system performance improvement and cost reduction are expected. Based on the proposed DCM2 C, a novel N +1-level cascade multilevel topology is proposed for a cascade active power filter (CS-APF). The Proposed fuzzy logic controller is implemented to get study state response at dc voltage capacitors, therefore to get balanced load outputs. The simulation results from the CS-APF have demonstrated and verified the effectiveness of the proposed novel topology and control method

Controller Implementation for PV Interconnection Based Three-Phase UPS Systems Operating Under Highly Nonlinear Loads

In this paper we have multi functional converters to inter connect the both the dc and ac grids to handle power quality issues of the micro-grids. Multifunctional inverters can not only interface the renewable energy resource into the utility grid, but also can compensate the harmonic and reactive current in the micro-grid as an auxiliary service. Therefore, to enhance the power quality of the micro-grid by optimal utilization of the limited and valuable capacity becomes a technical challenge. In this paper, two optimal control objectives of MFGTIs are presented based on a comprehensive power quality evaluation algorithm by means of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) theory. The two proposed strategies are analyzed about the powers and voltage and currents as results, and the paper also discusses how to use them in practice for the best performance. Simulation of proposed svpwm verifies the feasibility of the proposed optimal control strategies

Iodine-catalyzed intermolecular hydroamination of vinyl arenes

The vinyl arenes undergo smooth hydroamination with sulfonamides in the presence of 10 mol % of iodine to furnish tosyl and mesyl-protected secondary amines in excellent yields in short reaction times. The use of inexpensive and readily available molecular iodine makes this method quite simple, more convenient, and practical

Heteropoly acid-catalyzed direct substitution of 2-propynyl alcohols with sulfonamides

Direct substitution of the hydroxy group in 2-propynyl alcohols with sulfonamides has been achieved using 5 mol % of phosphomolybdic acid supported on silica gel (PMA/SiO<SUB>2</SUB>) under mild reaction conditions to produce 2-propynyl amides in excellent yields and with high selectivity

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field