Security Issues in Service Model of Fog Computing Environment

Fog computing is an innovative way to expand the cloud platform by providing computing resources. The platform is a cloud that has the same data, management, storage and application features, but their origins are different because they are deployed to different locations. The platform system can retrieve a large amount, work in the field, be fully loaded, and mount on a variety of hardware devices. With this utility, Fog Framework is perfect for applications and critical moments. Fog computing is similar to cloud computing, but because of its variability, creates new security and privacy challenges that go beyond what is common for fog nodes. This paper aims to understand the impact of security problems and how to overcome them, and to provide future safety guidance for those responsible for building, upgrading and maintaining fog systems

Prevalence and risk-factors of early childhood caries among 2–6-year-old Anganwadi children in Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh, India: A cross-sectional survey

Purpose/Objectives: The objective of this study is to study the prevalence and associated risk determinants of early childhood caries (ECC) among preschool children. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was designed to assess the ECC prevalence and associated risk factors among preschool children in Anganwadi of Nellore district using a standardized questionnaire. Results: A total of 550 study participants of age 2–6 years are enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Mean age of the participants was 4.39 ± 0.89 years. Most of the study participants (38%) were in the age of 5 years. When gender wise comparison was made girls represented 62% and boys 38% of the total population. When the risk factors were assessed for their association with caries experience, socioeconomic status, mother's schooling at child's birth, duration of using bottle, and bottle feeding while sleeping and plaque scores showed significant association with caries experience. Conclusion: ECC was more prevalent among 5-year-old children as compared to other age groups and moreover demographic factors such as mother's occupation, education, socioeconomic status, developmental characteristics such as enamel hypoplasia, feeding habits like prolonged and nocturnal bottle feeding and clinical parameters like plaque scores showed significant correlation with ECC

Structure and Bonding in Stannadiphospholes and their Dianions SnC(2)P(2)R(2)(m) (R=H, tBu m=0,-2): A Comparative Study with C(5)H(5)(+) and C(5)H(5)(-) Analogues

The potential energy surfaces of both neutral and dianionic SnC(2)P(2)R(2) (R=H, tBu) ring systems have been explored at the B3PW91/LANL2DZ (Sn) and 6-311 + G* (other atoms) level. In the neutral isomers the global minimum is a nido structure in which a 1,2-diphosphocyclobutadiene ring (1,2-DPCB) is capped by the Sn. Interestingly, the structure established by Xray diffraction analysis, for R=tBu, is a 1,3-DPCB ring capped by Sn and it is 2.4 kcal mol(-1) higher in energy than the 1,2-DPCB ring isomer. This is possibly related to the kinetic stability of the 1,3-DPCB ring, which might originate from the synthetic precursor ZrCp(2)tBu(2)C(2)P(2). In the case of the dianionic isomers we observe only a 6 pi-electron aromatic structure as the global minimum, similarly to the cases of our previously reported results with other types of heterodiphospholes.([1,4,19]) The existence of large numbers of cluster-type isomers in neutral and 6 pi-planar structures in the dianions SnC(2)P(2)R(2)(2-) (R=H, tBu) is due to 3D aromaticity in neutral clusters and to 2D pi aromaticity of the dianionic rings. Relative energies of positional isomers mainly depend on: 1) the valency and coordination number of the Sn centre, 2) individual bond strengths, and 3) the steric effect of tBu groups. A comparison of neutral stannadiphospholes with other structurally related C(5)H(5)(+) analogues indicates that Sn might be a better isolobal analogue to P(+) than to BH or CH(+). The variation in global minima in these C(5)H(5)(+) analogues is due to characteristic features such as 1) the different valencies of C, B, P and Sn, 2) the electron deficiency of B, 3) weaker p pi-p pi bonding by P and Sn atoms, and 4) the tendency of electropositive elements to donate electrons to nido clusters. Unlike the C5H5+ systems, all C(5)H(5)(-) analogues have 6 pi-planar aromatic structures as global minima. The differences in the relative ordering of the positional isomers and ligating properties are significant and depend on 1) the nature of the pi orbitals involved, and 2) effective overlap of orbitals

Structure and bonding in stannadiphospholes and their dianions SnC<SUB>2</SUB>P<SUB>2</SUB>R<SUP>m</SUP><SUB>2</SUB> (R=H, tBu m=0, -2): A comparative study with C<SUB>5</SUB>H<SUB>5</SUB><SUP>+</SUP> and C<SUB>5</SUB>H<SUB>5</SUB><SUP>-</SUP> analogues

The potential energy surfaces of both neutral and dianionic SnC2P2R2 (R=H, tBu) ring systems have been explored at the B3PW91/LANL2DZ (Sn) and 6-311+G* (other atoms) level. In the neutral isomers the global minimum is a nido structure in which a 1,2-diphosphocyclobutadiene ring (1,2-DPCB) is capped by the Sn. Interestingly, the structure established by X-ray diffraction analysis, for R=tBu, is a 1,3-DPCB ring capped by Sn and it is 2.4 kcal mol-1 higher in energy than the 1,2-DPCB ring isomer. This is possibly related to the kinetic stability of the 1,3-DPCB ring, which might originate from the synthetic precursor ZrCp2tBu2C2P2. In the case of the dianionic isomers we observe only a 6π-electron aromatic structure as the global minimum, similarly to the cases of our previously reported results with other types of heterodiphospholes.1,4,19 The existence of large numbers of cluster-type isomers in neutral and 6π-planar structures in the dianions SnC2P2R22- (R=H, tBu) is due to 3D aromaticity in neutral clusters and to 2D π aromaticity of the dianionic rings. Relative energies of positional isomers mainly depend on: 1) the valency and coordination number of the Sn centre, 2) individual bond strengths, and 3) the steric effect of tBu groups. A comparison of neutral stannadiphospholes with other structurally related C5H5+ analogues indicates that Sn might be a better isolobal analogue to P+ than to BH or CH+. The variation in global minima in these C5H5+ analogues is due to characteristic features such as 1) the different valencies of C, B, P and Sn, 2) the electron deficiency of B, 3) weaker pπ-pπ bonding by P and Sn atoms, and 4) the tendency of electropositive elements to donate electrons to nido clusters. Unlike the C5H5+ systems, all C5H5- analogues have 6π-planar aromatic structures as global minima. The differences in the relative ordering of the positional isomers and ligating properties are significant and depend on 1) the nature of the π orbitals involved, and 2) effective overlap of orbitals

Evaluation of in vitro gas production and nutrient digestibility of complete diets supplemented with different levels of thermotolerant yeast in Nellore rams

Aim: The objective of the present study was to know the effect of dietary supplementation of varied levels of thermotolerant yeast to determine best levels for sheep diets by in vitro gas production. An in vivo study on Nellore rams was used for further evaluation of diets with three best levels of yeast (obtained from in vitro data) to determine diet with optimum yeast level for growing lambs by assessing nutrient digestibility, plane of nutrition and nitrogen balance. Materials and methods: A complete diet was formulated and supplemented with five levels (0 g/kg (D ); 1 g/kg (D ); 2 g/kg 1 2 (D ); 3 g/kg (D ); 4 g/kg (D ) and 5 g/kg (D ) of thermotolerant yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, OBV-9) @ 5x108 cfu/g to 3 4 5 6 determine best levels for sheep diets by IVGP technique. An in vivo study was conducted on Nellore rams (39.75 0.24 kg body weight, aged 3 years) in a 4 x 4 latin square design for further evaluation of diets with three best yeast levels based on in vitro data, to determine optimum yeast level for diets of growing lambs by assessing nutrient digestibility, plane of nutrition and nitrogen balance. The rams were housed individually in metabolic cages that allowed separation of urine and faeces to evaluate digestibility of nutrients and N balance. Animals were given 10 days adaptation period followed by 7-day collection period, feed intake and refusals were recorded. During the digestibility and N balance study, feed, refusals and faeces were analyzed for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) as per AOAC, USA, while fibre fractions like neutral detergent fibre (aNDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) were analyzed. Data were analyzed as per the procedures suggested by Snedecor, G. W. and Cochran, W. G. (1994) and the difference between treatment means was tested for significance by Duncan's multiple-range and F Test. Results: Higher (P&lt;0.01) IVGP volumes, in vitro organic matter degradability, metabolizable energy (ME) and total degradable organic matter were recorded for rations D to D over control, whereas the difference among D to D diets was not 2 6 2 4 significant. Significant (P&lt;0.05) partitioning factor and efficiency of microbial biomass synthesis (EMBP) values for rations D and D and significant (P&lt;0.01) microbial biomass production for D to D diets, recorded. Significant (P&lt;0.01) nitrogen 2 3 2 6 (N) retention was recorded in yeast supplemented rations with high EMBP than control. Dry matter intake (DMI), DMI (% b. wt.), DMI/kg W0.75 and the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract (P&lt;0.05), nitrogen free extract and fiber fractions were significant (P&lt;0.01) on rations D to D over control, while the difference among 2 4 rations D to D was not significant. All rams were in positive N balance and was higher (P&lt;0.01) on rations D to D over 2 4 2 4 control. The digestible crude protein (DCP) and ME were higher (P&lt;0.01) on rations D to D indicating all rams were 2 4 adequately met with DCP and ME requirements as suggested by ICAR, India. Conclusions: The present study demonstrated the potential of theromotolerant yeast at 1 g/kg to 3g/kg level in improving digestibility of nutrients, intake of DCP and ME and N retention without affecting health of rams under study. Thus, incorporation of 1 g/kg level of thermotolerant probiotic yeast in complete diet for lambs appears to be beneficial for livestock producers. [Vet. World 2012; 5(8.000): 477-485

Low-level Determination of 4-Hydrazino BenzoicAcid in Drug Substance by High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

HPLC/MS single ion monitoring methods have been evaluated for the determination of trace levels of 4- hydrazino benzoic acid (4-HBA) in drug substances. These 4-HBA have been highlighted as potential genotoxins. HPLC/MS was found to be more promising and limits of quantification was 0.52 ppm. For one drug substances excellent recoveries of 104.6% were obtained at the 0.5 ppm level

Low-level Determination of Residual Methyl Methane Sulfonate and Ethyl Methane Sulfonate in Pharmaceuticals by Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry

A capillary gas chromatographic method using mass spectrometric detection was developed and validated for the trace analysis (ppm level) of methyl methane sulfonate and ethyl methane sulfonate in pharmaceutical drug substances. The method utilizes a capillary column (DB-624) with 6% cyanopropyl phenyl and 94% dimethyl polysiloxane stationary phase. A dissolve-and-injection approach was adopted for sample introduction in a split less mode. Mixture of (80:20) ratio of methanol and chloroform was used as a diluent or sample solvent. A limit of detection of about 0.17 μg/g (0.17 ppm) for methyl methane sulfonate and 0.18 μg/g (0.18 ppm) for ethyl methane sulfonate were achieved and limit of quantitation of 0.52 μg/g (0.52 ppm) for methyl methane sulfonate and 0.54 μg/g (0.54 ppm) for ethyl methane sulfonate were achieved for alkyl sulfonates in drug substance samples

Discovery and Functional Characterization of Two Regulatory Variants Underlying Lupus Susceptibility at 2p13.1

Genome-wide association studies have identified 2p13.1 as a prominent susceptibility locus for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)&mdash;a complex, multisystem autoimmune disease. However, the identity of underlying causal variant (s) and molecular mechanisms for increasing disease susceptibility are poorly understood. Using meta-analysis (cases = 10,252, controls = 21,604) followed by conditional analysis, bioinformatic annotation, and eQTL and 3D-chromatin interaction analyses, we computationally prioritized potential functional variants and subsequently experimentally validated their effects. Ethnicity-specific meta-analysis revealed striking allele frequency differences between Asian and European ancestries, but with similar odds ratios. We identified 20 genome-wide significant (p &lt; 5 &times; 10&minus;8) variants, and conditional analysis pinpointed two potential functional variants, rs6705628 and rs2272165, likely to explain the association. The two SNPs are near DGUOK, mitochondrial deoxyguanosine kinase, and its associated antisense RNA DGUOK-AS1. Using luciferase reporter gene assays, we found significant cell type- and allele-specific promoter activity at rs6705628 and enhancer activity at rs2272165. This is supported by ChIP-qPCR showing allele-specific binding with three histone marks (H3K27ac, H3K4me3, and H3K4me1), RNA polymerase II (Pol II), transcriptional coactivator p300, CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), and transcription factor ARID3A. Transcriptome data across 28 immune cell types from Asians showed both SNPs are cell-type-specific but only in B-cells. Splicing QTLs showed strong regulation of DGUOK-AS1. Genotype-specific DGOUK protein levels are supported by Western blots. Promoter capture Hi-C data revealed long-range chromatin interactions between rs2272165 and several nearby promoters, including DGUOK. Taken together, we provide mechanistic insights into how two noncoding variants underlie SLE risk at the 2p13.1 locus