COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF METHANOLIC LEAFY EXTRACTS FROM SIX EDIBLE LEAFY VEGETABLES OF INDIA

Objective: Antioxidants are vital substances which possess the ability to protect the body from damage caused by free radical induced oxidative stress. Epidemiological studies specify that intake of fruits and vegetables have the ability to inhibit the damaging behavior of free radicals in the human body. In this study, we assessed antioxidative properties of the methanolic extracts of Mentha arvensis, Moringa oleifera, Spinacia oleracea, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Tamarindus indica, and Amaranthus viridis. Methods: The methanolic extracts were studied for phytochemical screening and antioxidant properties by different in-vitro experiments including DPPH radical assay, ABTS radical assay, Total antioxidant assay, Reducing activity assay for ascorbic acid equivalents, Total Phenolic content for gallic acid equivalents and Total flavonoid content for quercetin equivalent. Results: The present study revealed that Mentha arvensis extract exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 value of 28 µg/ml), Reducing activity (1.731±0.072), Total antioxidant activity (208 µg/ml expressed as ascorbic acid equivalents), Total phenolic content (75 µg/ml expressed as gallic acid equivalents) and Total flavonoid contents (674 µg/ml expressed as quercetin equivalents) and Tamarindus indica extract showed highest ABTS radical scavenging activity (IC50 value of 35 µg/ml), The results obtained in the present study indicate that the leaves of Mentha arvensis showed potential antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity. Conclusion: The results obtained in the present study indicate that leaves of Mentha arvensis, Moringa oleifera plant materials have potent, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Tamarindus indica have moderate and Amaranthus viridis, Spinacia oleracea have mild antioxidant activity and/or free radical scavenging activity. Key words: Leafy vegetables, Methanolic extracts, In-vitro antioxidant activit

Purification of urine samples to improve detection limit of anabolic agents

Objective: To investigate recovery percentage of clenbuterol, nandrolone, stanozolol, and epimetendiol by two different solid phase extraction procedures viz. XAD2 (polystyrene divinylbenzene) and SPE columns (C18, Samprep, Rankem) so as to improve detection limit of anabolic steroids. Materials and Methods: The urine samples were spiked with different concentrations of drugs. The preliminary work was done with six samples, each of clenbuterol, nandrolone, and epimetendiol at 1, 2, 5, and 10 ng/mL and of stanozolol at 5,10, 20, and 40 ng/mL that were processed and injected into high resolution mass spectrometer. Later the study was limited to clenbuterol and epimetendiol at 2, 5, and 10 ng/mL concentrations. The data were analysed by comparing XAD2 and SPE column values. Results: The results show that the recovery percentage of nandrolone and stanozolol at various concentrations did not signify any difference between the two columns. However, there was a significant increase in the recovery of clenbuterol at 2 ng/mL ( P < 0.002), 5 ng/mL ( P < 0.001), and 10 ng/mL ( P < 0.001) concentrations, where as for epimetendiol there was significant increase in the recovery at 2, 5, and 10 ng/mL ( P < 0.01) with SPE column compared to XAD2 column. Conclusion: It is possible to enhance the detection limit of clenbuterol and epimetendiol by SPE column compared to XAD2 column. This procedure may be used for confirmation of suspicious samples found in routine testing

Flood Frequency Analysis of Araniar Medium Irrigation Project in Chittoor District by using Gumbel's Distribution

Flood frequency analysis is one of&nbsp;the most important statistical technique to understand the nature and magnitude of high discharge of floods in the river. The objective of flood frequency analysis was to relate the magnitude of floods and their frequency of occurrence through probability distribution. Flood frequency analysis is essential to reduce the impact of flood damage by predicting the floods by adopting the suitable flood prediction model.&nbsp; The Araniar reservoir was constructed across the Araniar river in the Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh. The flood frequency analysis was conducted on the Araniar reservoir using Gumbel’s extreme value distribution method in the year 2019-2020. Daily maximum inflow data from the Department of Water Resources, Andhra Pradesh, were collected for the period 1990-2019 and used for flood frequency analysis of Araniar Reservoir using Gumbel's extreme value distribution method. From the observations of Gumbel’s distribution, the R2 value acquired from the trend line equation was 0.9803, indicating that Gumbel's extreme value distribution was suitable for estimating predicted reservoir flood flow. The estimated flood flow for upcoming years of 2 years, 10 years, 50 years, 100 years,150 years, 200 years, 300 years and 400 years were found to be 38.29 Mm3/year, 66.96 Mm3/year, 92.08 Mm3/year, 102.71 Mm3/year, 108.90 Mm3/year, 113.29 Mm3/year, 119.47 Mm3/year and 123.85 Mm3/year respectively. The mean instantaneous flow in the reservoir was 40.88149 Mm3/year which was nearly equal to a return period of about 2 years. The estimated flood flows of the Araniar reservoir was useful for constructing important dam hydraulic structures, advising agricultural patterns in the command area, and protecting lives and property downstream of the catchment region

Admittance, Conductance, Reactance and Susceptance of New Natural Fabric Grewia Tilifolia

This article deals with the admittance, conductance, reactance and susceptance of new natural fabric Grewia tilifolia. Grewia tilifolia is a tree found in India, Sri Lanka, Tropical Africa, Burma and Nepal. The fabric samples of Grewia tilifolia were extracted from the bark of the tree. The admittance, conductance, reactance and susceptance were measured as a function of frequency in the range from 1 kHz to 500 kHz, temperature in the range from 30 °C to 210 °C. Using an LCR Meter (HIOKI 3532-50 LCR Hi Tester, Koizumi, Japan) the above parameters were measured. Grewia tilifolia is a subtropical medicinal tree; the stem bark is widely used in traditional Indian medicines to cure pneumonia, bronchitis and urinary infectious disorders

Capacity trust assessment for multi-hop routing in wireless sensor networks

This paper proposed a newIntrusion Detection mechanism based on Multiple Trust Attributes in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Mainly this work concentrated to assess the trust in ems of capacities of the sensor nodes. The capacity of a node is formulated based on two trusts namely Fault Tolerance Trust and Stability Trust. Every SN checks the trustworthiness of its neighbour SNs based on the Capacity Trust and confirms their trustworthiness. If any node is discovered as malicious, such type of node is called as intrusion or outlier and isolated from network.Extensive Simulations are conducted over the proposed intrusion detection mechanism and the performance is evaluated through Malicious Detection Rate, and False Positive Rate