In Silico Analysis of Nanoplastics' and β-amyloid Fibrils' Interactions

: Plastic pollution has become a global environmental threat, which leads to an increasing concern over the consequences of plastic exposition on global health. Plastic nanoparticles have been shown to influence the folding of proteins and influence the formation of aberrant amyloid proteins, therefore potentially triggering the development of systemic and local amyloidosis. This work aims to study the interaction between nanoplastics and β-amyloid fibrils to better understand the potential role of nanoplastics in the outbreak of neurodegenerative disorders. Using microsecond-long coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, we investigated the interactions between neutral and charged nanoparticles made of the most common plastic materials (i.e., polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene) and β-amyloid fibrils. We observe that the occurrence of contacts, region of amyloid fibril involved, and specific amino acids mediating the interaction depend on the type and charge of the nanoparticles

Fabrication of 3D cell-laden hydrogel microstructures through photo-mold patterning

Native tissues are characterized by spatially organized three-dimensional (3D) microscaled units which functionally define cells–cells and cells–extracellular matrix interactions. The ability to engineer biomimetic constructs mimicking these 3D microarchitectures is subject to the control over cell distribution and organization. In the present study we introduce a novel protocol to generate 3D cell laden hydrogel micropatterns with defined size and shape. The method, named photo-mold patterning (PMP), combines hydrogel micromolding within polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamps and photopolymerization through a recently introduced biocompatible ultraviolet (UVA) activated photoinitiator (VA-086). Exploiting PDMS micromolds as geometrical constraints for two methacrylated prepolymers (polyethylene glycol diacrylate and gelatin methacrylate), micrometrically resolved structures were obtained within a 3 min exposure to a low cost and commercially available UVA LED. The PMP was validated both on a continuous cell line (human umbilical vein endothelial cells expressing green fluorescent protein, HUVEC GFP) and on primary human bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). HUVEC GFP and BMSCs were exposed to 1.5% w/v VA-086 and UVA light (1 W, 385 nm, distance from sample = 5 cm). Photocrosslinking conditions applied during the PMP did not negatively affect cells viability or specific metabolic activity. Quantitative analyses demonstrated the potentiality of PMP to uniformly embed viable cells within 3D microgels, creating biocompatible and favorable environments for cell proliferation and spreading during a seven days' culture. PMP can thus be considered as a promising and cost effective tool for designing spatially accurate in vitro models and, in perspective, functional constructs

Microfabricated Physiological Models for In Vitro Drug Screening Applications

Microfluidics and microfabrication have recently been established as promising tools for developing a new generation of in vitro cell culture microdevices. The reduced amounts of reagents employed within cell culture microdevices make them particularly appealing to drug screening processes. In addition, latest advancements in recreating physiologically relevant cell culture conditions within microfabricated devices encourage the idea of using such advanced biological models in improving the screening of drug candidates prior to in vivo testing. In this review, we discuss microfluidics-based models employed for chemical/drug screening and the strategies to mimic various physiological conditions: fine control of 3D extra-cellular matrix environment, physical and chemical cues provided to cells and organization of co-cultures. We also envision future directions for achieving multi-organ microfluidic devices

Advancing Focused Ultrasound surgery through Robotics, Simulation, and Augmented Reality: the FUtuRo project

This study introduces a comprehensive system designed to elevate both the planning and evaluation phases of Focused Ultrasound Surgery (FUS) interventions. Through the seamless integration of mechanical, acoustic, and thermal simulations alongside robotic assistance, our approach empowers precise treatment planning and parameter optimization. Leveraging advanced imaging modalities enhances the accuracy of target delineation, while computational modeling provides invaluable insights into therapeutic efficacy. Specifically, this paper will assess the acoustic pressure field and the dimensions of ablated tissue in a custom-made phantom resembling human tissue layers using an appropriate library for acoustic wave simulation

Does the type of suture technique affect the fluid-dynamic performance of bioprostheses implanted in small aortic roots? Results from an in vitro study.

Background: The in vivo hemodynamic performance of a bioprosthesis implanted in an aortic position is affected by the characteristics of the prosthesis and the sizing strategy adopted. Recently, it has been hypothesized that the type of suture used to implant the prosthesis might influence hemodynamics. Methods: Bioprostheses with labeled sizes of 19 mm and 21 mm were implanted in 2 groups of 5 porcine aortic roots, with native annuli of 19 mm and 21 mm, by means of 2 different suture techniques: simple interrupted and noneverting mattress with pledgets. The aortic roots were tested in an in vitro mock loop. The stroke volume imposed by the mock loop was set at 40 mL, and was increased by steps of 15 mL until a stroke volume of 100 mL was attained. Main fluid-dynamic parameters were analyzed. Results: At each level of stroke volume, ie, 40 mL, 55 mL, 70 mL, 85 mL, and 100 mL, the mean and peak pressure drops were significantly greater with the noneverting mattress suture with pledgets than with the simple interrupted suture. The effective orifice area behaved accordingly, being significantly smaller in the former case. Conclusions: Our data show that the type of suture technique can influence bioprosthesis performance and that it is reasonable to assume that this is especially true in small annuli (<= 21 mm). Thus, to optimize prosthesis performance and reduce the incidence of patient-prosthesis mismatch, the role of the suture technique should not be disregarded