Precommercial thinning stumps' susceptibility to Heterobasidion spp.

Each year, Heterobasidion spp. is a major cause of economic losses to forestry in the northern hemisphere, including Sweden. New results indicate that pre‐commercial thinnings could be at risk for Heterobasidion spp. infections. Since no wood usually is used from pre‐commercial thinnings, there would not be any timber losses from leaving high stumps instead of low stumps when carrying out this measure. It could therefore be of a great interest if the stump height, of both Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and birch (Betula spp.), affects the susceptibility to Heterobasidion spp. after a pre‐commercial thinning is performed. The objective of this study was to investigate if there were any differences in infection frequency from airborne Heterobasidion spp. spores depending on whether the stump height is high (1 m) or low (15 cm) in pre‐commercial thinnings in the southern Sweden. The efficacy of stump treatment by Plebiopsis gigantea (Fr.) Jül. and the infection frequency of birch were also investigated for the two stump heights in five different sites. There was a significant difference in infection frequency between treated spruce, untreated spruce and birch when samples from both high and low stumps were included. The efficacy is a measure of the reduced mean relative infected area of the infections related to a control. High untreated spruce did not show a difference in efficacy compare to low untreated spruce, nor did treated spruce and birch. The infection frequency of birch stumps was significant higher on high stumps (17.3 %) and hence they were more susceptible to Heterobasidion spp. than low (12.2 %). No significant effect of the susceptibility depending on the stump height was observed for untreated spruce nor treated spruce. Other reasons than risk of infection could be a reason to create high treaded spruce stumps. One reason could be the more ergonomic treatment height compared to perform stump treatment on low height. A five year long‐term research study was established with the objective to investigate if a known Heterobasidion spp. infection spreads into surrounding trees or if it dies out in inoculated high and low spruce stumps. It is possible that the stump height is of importance for the spreading of Heterobasidion spp. infections in the long‐run, which is the purpose of the long‐term study to find out

Establishment and early management of Populus species in southern Sweden

Populus species are among the most productive tree species in Sweden. Interest in growing them has increased during the 21st century due to political goals to increase the share of renewable energy and to increase the proportion of hardwood species in forests. Populus species have been shown to be potentially profitable, but currently they are mostly planted on abandoned agricultural land. There is a lack of knowledge about the establishment of Populus species on forest sites. There is also a lack of knowledge of how second generations can be established by root and stump sprouts, and about management of young stands. The main objective of this thesis was to focus on these issues. Site properties are important for successful establishment of Populus species and factors such as soil pH and soil moisture should be considered. Site preparation is important to control weed competition and to modify the microclimate, including soil moisture. In this thesis, mounding in relation to patch scarification, soil inversion and no intervention, were found to provide the highest survival and growth. Hybrid aspen was in most cases found to be more robust than other Populus species, but poplar plants or long unrooted cuttings showed similar survival and faster growth at the site where soil pH was high. In general, short unrooted poplar cuttings showed high mortality on forest sites. In water saturated soils, the growth of poplar cuttings was inhibited and roots were located closer to the soil surface. This was mainly caused by the absence of callus roots originating at the base of the cutting. Poplar stump sprouts can be used successfully for regeneration if the clones can produce living straight sprouts. Variability in this trait was found in one of the studies in this thesis. A second generation of naturally-regenerated hybrid aspen can produce over 100,000 root suckers per hectare. If no early management is conducted, biomass will be lost through self-thinning. It was shown in this study that a substantial amount of biomass can be harvested schematically through corridors or cross-corridors, resulting in stimulated stem diameter development. An additional early thinning further increased the diameter on crop trees. In this thesis, site-adapted management of Populus species is suggested to be the most important measure to achieve successful regeneration. In particular, this includes choosing species and clones adapted to specific site properties. A second generation can be established either by stump sprouts (poplars) or root suckers (hybrid aspen). If larger-dimensioned trees are desired, early thinnings are important in the second generation