Mountain child: systematic literature review.

Objectives This systematic review identifies and reviews both peer-reviewed and 'grey' literature, across a range of disciplines and from diverse sources, relating to the condition of children living in mountain communities in low- and middle-income countries. Findings The literature on poverty in these communities does not generally focus on the particular vulnerabilities of children or the impact of intersecting vulnerabilities on the most marginalised members of communities. However, this literature does contribute analyses of the broader context and variety of factors impacting on human development in mountainous areas. The literature on other areas of children's lives - health, nutrition, child mortality, education, and child labour - focuses more specifically on children's particular vulnerabilities or experiences. However, it sometimes lacks the broader analysis of the many interrelated characteristics of a mountainous environment which impact on children's situations. Themes Nevertheless, certain themes recur across many disciplines and types of literature, and point to some general conclusions: mountain poverty is influenced by the very local specificities of the physical environment; mountain communities are often politically and economically marginalised, particularly for the most vulnerable within these communities, including children; and mountain communities themselves are an important locus for challenging and interrupting cycles of increasing inequality and disadvantage. While this broad-scale review represents a modest first step, its findings provide the basis for further investigation

Respectful midwifery care in Malawi: a human rights-based approach.

Background: A priority in Malawi over the past 15 years has been to improve women's access to skilled birth attendants by training and educating more midwives, and encouraging women to deliver in health facilities. However, women's choices in accessing skilled birth attendance have been negatively impacted by the treatment they receive from their care provider. Aims: To design and pilot a training module for clinical midwives in the promotion of respectful maternity care, and to demonstrate to participants the link between human rights and maternal health care, showing how a human rights based approach may improve the experiences of patients and care providers. Methods: The training programme was devised jointly by an interdisciplinary team from midwifery and law. Relevant materials were devised and grafted onto the programme already delivered in Malawi by the Scottish team under the auspices of the Scottish Universities and the Malawian Ministry of Health partnership. These materials were then piloted in Malawi with a group of 40 midwives and managers. The materials were delivered by presentation, discussion and case studies. Findings: Participants were invited to provide anonymised free text quotes on completion of the training. The data gathered indicated an appetite for learning about respectful maternity care. Cognisance has been given to the feedback received from the facilitators. Conclusions: The success of the pilot has led to funding being secured for a larger trial, where the impact of the approach may be more comprehensively measured

CRC general comments on children's health, impact of the business sector and the right to rest, leisure and play.

In April 2013, the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC) published the three General Comments which had been adopted at its 62nd session. General comments 15, 16 and 17 relate to the right of the child to enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health; on State obligations regarding the impact of the business sector on children’s’ rights; and the right of the child to rest, leisure, play, recreational activities, cultural life and the arts, respectively

Refugees and Internally Displaced: A Challenge to Nation-Building

Recent statistics published by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) indicate that there are at least 32.9 million people who are “persons of concern to UNHCR.” This growing population includes “refugees, returnees, [and] stateless and internally displaced persons (IDPs).” Furthermore, it is estimated that there are some “[thirty] states in the world . . . that are at some stage or another along the road to possible failure.” These are weak states beset by invasion, civil war, ethnic rivalry and tribal warfare, or struggling in the wake of any of these catastrophes. Given that 2006 saw a fifty-six percent increase in the population of concern to UNHCR, and that failed states and states on the path to failure contribute to increases in this population, it is apparent that increases in refugee and IDP populations are indicators not only of inter- and intrastate conflict, but arguably also of failed nation-building efforts. The purpose of this Article is to explore the interdependent relationship between post-conflict nation-building on the one hand, and refugee repatriation and intrastate reintegration of IDPs on the other. As will be described in more detail, although the motivations of post-conflict countries of origin and neighboring host states may differ with respect to repatriation and reintegration, the common goal of regional stability serves to align these stakeholders’ otherwise divergent interests

Hukum internasional: pengantar untuk mahasiswa

ix+107hlm.;29c

American violence: a documentary history

vii+478hlm.;21c

Hukum internasional: pengantar untuk mahasiswa

+315hlm.;21c