Mean relative growth rate of tillers (cm/cm/day) (±1 S.E.) across the duration of the experiment, as measured at each of nine measurement intervals (measurements for all treatments were made within a two-day window for each interval).

<p>Asterisks indicate dates for which there was a significant difference between treatment means. Flame symbols indicate when the two prescribed burn treatments were applied to either both the 1x and 2x treatments for the first burn (25 March), or the 2x treatment only for the second burn (12 May).</p

Average total pot tiller length (±1 S.E.) across the duration of the experiment, as measured at each of nine measurement intervals (measurements for all treatments were made within a two-day window for each interval).

<p>Asterisks indicate dates for which there was a significant difference between treatment means. Flame symbols indicate when the two prescribed burn treatments were applied to either both the 1x and 2x treatments for the first burn (25 March), or the 2x treatment only for the second burn (12 May).</p

Mean measured growth response variables (±1 S.E.) at the final harvest for tall fescue plants exposed to Wet and Dry water regimes and averaged across burn treatments and endophyte status.

<p>Parameters shown are those for which watering regime had a significant main effect (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086904#pone-0086904-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> above). Letters represent LS Means differences (α = 0.05) for the main water regime effect.</p

F-value and degree of significance for effects of burn treatment (1x, 2x, unburned control), water regime (dry, wet), and endophyte infection status (E+, E−) and their interactions on biomass measurements and tiller number at the final harvest.

<p>Degrees of freedom are indicated in parentheses.</p><p>ns, not significant.</p>*<p>P<0.05.</p>**<p>P<0.01.</p>***<p>P<0.001.</p

Growth and reproduction of endophyte-infected and endophyte-free tall fescue from different origins.

<p>Biomass (x±S.E.) and number of flowerheads (x±S.E.) of endophyte free (E-), endophyte infected (E+) and manipulatively endophyte free (ME-) tall fescue plants in Finland and Kentucky field experiments in years 2005 and 2006. Plants were collected from wild populations in Europe (A = island of Åland, G = Island of Gotland, S = coastal Sweden) or were cultivars from Europe (Retu) or USA (KY-31).</p

Mortality of tall fescue plants in Finland in the end of the experiment.

<p>Plant origins: K = ‘Kentucky 31’ cultivar, R = ‘Retu’ cultivar, A = wild type from Åland, G = wild type from Gotland, S = wild type from costal Sweden. Treatments: C = control, W = water application, N = nutrient application, WN = water and nutrient application. The origin-treatment interaction is indicated by * (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0157382#pone.0157382.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>).</p

Mortality of tall fescue plants in Finland.

<p>Mortality of tall fescue plants in Finland.</p

Effects of nutrient and water treatments, and plant origin on tall fescue growth.

<p>Model-based estimates for biomass (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0157382#pone.0157382.t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a> for model) on treatments (C = control, W = water treatment, N = nutrient treatment, WN = water and nutrient treatment) and three wild populations and two cultivars (A = Åland island, G = Gotland island, S = coastal Sweden, KY-31 = cultivar ‘Kentucky 31’, Retu = cultivar ‘Retu’) for tall fescue biomass in Finland and Kentucky experiments in the two study years, 2005 and 2006.</p

Effects of nutrient and water treatments, and plant origin on tall fescue reproduction.

<p>Model-based estimated means of treatments (C = control, W = water treatment, N = nutrient treatment, WN = water and nutrient treatment) and three wild populations and two cultivars (A = Åland island, G = Gotland island, S = coastal Sweden, KY-31 = cultivar ‘Kentucky-31’, Retu = cultivar ‘Retu’) for number of tall fescue flowerheads in Finland and Kentucky experiments in the two study years, 2005 and 2006.</p

Growth and reproduction of endophyte-infected and endophyte-free tall fescue in different environmental conditions.

<p>Biomass (x±S.E.) and number of flowerheads (x±S.E.) of endophyte free (E-), endophyte infected (E+) and manipulatively endophyte free (ME-) tall fescue plants in Finland and Kentucky field experiments in years 2005 and 2006. The plants received either only ambient rain (C) or water (W), nutrient (N) and combined water and nutrient (WN) treatments.</p