Interactive effect size on six ecosystem metrics (x-axis) by mid-century.

<p>Results based on simulations of climate change and fishery concurrently, and all three drivers at the end of a 65-year simulation. The difference between the expected effect size, if these were simply additive, and the actual effect size of simulations with the two or three drivers is indicated by the black and grey bars respectively.</p

Projected effects of predicted climate changes concurrent with local threats (LBSP and fishing) on biomass of herbivorous fish and apex predators.

<p>Climate change predictions came from IPCC AR5 RCP8.5 scenario for pCO₂ emissions.</p

Standardized response ratio of individual drivers’ effect to control effect of the six ecosystem metrics after 65-year simulations with uncertainty stemming from uncertainty in phytoplankton growth rates indicated by the bars.

<p>LBSP is land-based sources of pollution.</p

Atlantis biomass trajectories (in diamonds) compared to reconstructed time series (in triangles) of functional species groups exploited by fishers in Guam.

<p>Reconstructed biomass time series from Weijerman et al [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0144165#pone.0144165.ref046" target="_blank">46</a>].</p

Standardized response ratio of individual drivers’ effect to control effect of the six ecosystem metrics after 30-year simulations with uncertainty stemming from uncertainty in phytoplankton growth rates indicated by the bars.

<p>LBSP is land-based sources of pollution.</p

Spatial polygons of Guam Atlantis.

<p>Spatial polygons of Guam Atlantis.</p

Interactive effect size on six ecosystem metrics (x-axis) in 2015.

<p>Results are based on simulations of fishing and LBSP concurrently and all three drivers (also including climate change) at the end of a 30-year run. The difference between the expected effect size, if these were simply additive, and the actual effect size of simulations with the two or three drivers concurrently is indicated by the black and grey bars respectively.</p

Average response ratio across all six ecosystem metrics of climate change, land-based sources of pollution (LBSP), and fishing after 30 (grey columns) and 65 (blue columns) years with uncertainty stemming from uncertainty in phytoplankton growth rates indicated by the bars.

<p>Average response ratio across all six ecosystem metrics of climate change, land-based sources of pollution (LBSP), and fishing after 30 (grey columns) and 65 (blue columns) years with uncertainty stemming from uncertainty in phytoplankton growth rates indicated by the bars.</p

Projected effects of predicted climate changes concurrent with local threats (LBSP and fishing) on massive and branching coral biomass.

<p>The result of a no fishing scenario corresponded with the status quo scenario for both coral groups and was left out for clarity. Climate change predictions came from IPCC AR5 RCP8.5 scenario for pCO₂ emissions.</p

Vertebrate biomass response to each of the three simulated drivers, relative to the control biomass with uncertainty stemming from uncertainty in phytoplankton growth rates indicated by the bars.

<p>Each panel represents the biomass response to a driver: (A) Climate change, (B) Land-based sources of pollution (LBSP), (C) Fishing. Biomass responses are end values for year 2050 (65 year run). LowPLPS and HighPLPS represent results from low and high growth rates of phytoplankton parameterizations respectively.</p