Modeling Extreme Heat Events Using Global Reanalysis Data: An Assessment of Current Climate Data and the Need for Improved Weather Station Data in Tennessee

Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) is used to assess categorical heat stress risk factors for individuals working in outdoor environments and to provide guidelines for work/rest ratios and water intake. The variables required to compute WBGT are used by meteorologists for many purposes and are available through the Copernicus Program which was implemented by European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) to provide users access to ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA) historical database. WBGT values for Tennessee during National Weather Service (NWS) issued excessive heat warnings were calculated to determine the need for additional advisories based on WBGT guidelines. Monthly average WBGT values suggest work/rest ratio thresholds were exceeded in areas with no active heat warnings during the same time. Site assessment for an improved weather station infrastructure was conducted to determine favorability for placement of additional instrumentation to benefit forecasters and general public with greater data availability on a temporal scale

Tolerance of soybeans and grain sorghum to tetrafluoron residues

The residues of some preemergence herbicides used for weed control in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) can present problems for alternate crops if cotton stands are not satisfactory and recommended planting dates for cotton have passed. The selection of an alternate crop to cotton may be dependent on the herbicides initially applied for preemergence weed control. Fluometuron [1,l-dimethyl-3-(a,a,a-trifluorom- tolyl)urea] is a widely used cotton herbicide which has been shown to cause injury to alternative crops. Tetrafluoron (3-tetrafluoroethyoxyphenyl-N,N-dimethyl urea) is an experimental substituted urea herbicide which compares favorably with fluometuron as a preemergence cotton herbicide. The objectives of this 1975 study were (1) to determine the tolerance of soybeans [Glycine Max (L.) Merr.] and grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.] to tetrafluoron residues when grown as alternate crops to cotton, (2) to compare the effect of tetrafluoron on these alternative crops with that of fluometuron. The soil types selected for this study were a Statler loan at Knoxville, Tennessee, and a Grenada silt loam at Milan, Tennessee. The five main treatments consisted of tetrafluoron applied at the rate of 3.4 kg/ha broadcast, 1.7 kg/ha broadcast, 1.7 kg/ha on a treated area basis restricted to a 36 cm band, fluometuron applied at the rate of 1.7 kg/ha broadcast and a nontreated check. At Knoxville, a sprayer calibration error resulted in a 40 percent increase in the amount of tetrafluoron applied to the banded area, therefore the band treatment was applied at 2.4 kg/ha. Each main treatment was divided into three subplots consisting of three, six, and nine week intervals from date of application to planting. The 1.7 kg/ha tetrafluoron and fluometuron broadcast treatments did not cause significant injury or yield reduction to grain sorghum at any planting date at Knoxville, but a six week waiting period was required before soybeans could be grown successfully following either treatment. The 3.4 kg/ha broadcast and 2.4 kg/ha band tetrafluoron treat-ments required a waiting period of at least six and nine weeks before grain sorghum and soybeans, respectively, could be grown without injury or yield reduction. At Milan, the 1.7 kg/ha tetrafluoron band application did not cause a significant reduction in either soybean or grain sorghum growth. The area treated with 1.7 kg/ha fluometuron broadcast required a six week waiting period before soybeans could be grown without injury, but only a three week period before grain sorghum could be grown successfully. After nine weeks the 1.7 kg/ha and 3.4 kg/ha tetrafluoron broadcast treated areas significantly reduced soybean response, while a six week waiting period was required before a grain sorghum could be grown successfully on these treated areas. Soybeans grew more successfully on an area broadcast with fluometuron than on an area broadcast with tetrafluoron at Milan. At both locations grain sorghum was more tolerant to both tetrafluoron and fluometuron than were soybeans. Results from oat bioassays indicated that both tetrafluoron and fluometuron residues remained primarily in the top 20 cm of the soil profile, but areas treated with 3.4 kg/ha tetrafluoron had detectable residue at all depths. Herbicide concentrations throughout the soil profile dissipated with time. The organic matter content of the soil and the water solubility of the herbicides are probably responsible for the differences seen between the two locations

Effects of petroleum mulch and method of preemergence application of diuron, prometryne, CIPC, and DCPA on cotton weed control, soil moisture, soil temperature, and cotton yield

Mulches are used to stimulate plant vigor and growth by increasing the soil temperature, decreasing soil moisture loss by evaporation, and in many cases controlling weeds. Throughout the ages rocks, stones. dry soil, and almost all forms of naturally occurring plant residues have been used as mulches. Some of the newer mulching materials are black paper, polyethylene plastic, and liquid mulches that are sprayed on the soil surface. The paper and plastic mulching materials have brought about the greatest changes in the plant\u27s microenvironment. These two materials have a greater water and temperature holding capacity than do any of the older mulching materials. The greatest disadvantages of paper and plastic are the diffi-culty of application and the reclaiming of the material at the end of the growing season. Because of this, spray-on agricultural mulches have been developed which can be applied with conventional spray equipment and for which there is no need of reclamation. Weed control is the greatest problem to be coped with when the liquid mulches are used. They provide better growing conditions for the crop, but at the same time better growing conditions are also provided for the weeds. In this study a specially formulated water emulsion of petroleum resins, supplied by the ESSO Research and Engineering Company, Linden, New Jersey, was used as a spray-on mulch. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the petroleum mulch and methods of preemergence application of herbicides on weed control, soil moisture. soil temperature, and cotton yield

The Use of Forceps during Labor

Hudelist et al (2005) described how forceps delivery is a delicate method that requires precise understanding of the station and presentation of the descending caput and that poor training and knowledge of this method can lead to a higher risk of perineal damage. So it is very important that proper teaching and understanding of how to use forceps is achieved. This may be a possible contributing factor as to why the research by Caughey et al (2007) described how obstetric forceps has decreased in its use since the late 1980s. Simpson and Thorman (2005) stressed the importance of mothers clearly knowing the full benefits, risks, and alternatives of obstetrical interventions, such as with the use of forceps, and practicing their autonomy in making their own decisions, with the father, regarding childbirth. The purpose of this paper is to outline the ethical dilemma of whether forceps delivery is beneficent and nonmaleficent to the mother, or not, through the description of risk factors and benefits of forceps delivery. The parents’ use of autonomy in deciding which method is best for them, as well as describing the nurse’s role as the patient advocate are other topics discussed in this paper

Race and Criminal Justice in Canada

The relationship between race and crime has long been a subject of study in the United States; however, such analysis is more recent in Canada. A major factor impeding such study is the fact that racial/ethnic data are not routinely collected and available in Canada, unlike the United States. The collection of such data would arguably undermine the multi-cultural mosaic of Canada as a place of acceptance and tolerance. However, the lack of such data bellies research suggesting that race plays a role in the Canadian criminal justice system. Using available, albeit, limited research studies and their data, the role of race is evident throughout the justice system. Thee findings of this study are placed within a theoretical context emphasizing structural sources of differential treatment in the Canadian justice system. It may be time for Canada to recognize the fact that race plays a role in the justice system and formally collect and document the nature and extent of its role

Police Homicide: Race and Ethnicity

During the pandemic, routines were interrupted lives were changed and during this time, many individuals spent more time watching the news to learn more about how long it would take to resume normalcy. When George Floyd was murdered by four police officers, time stood still and the world watched. Outrage was immediate. The pandemic offered everyone the opportunity to witness tragedy unfold in front of them a brutality which happens every day, yet is easily ignored. This article examines the incidence of police homicides of people of color, the lack of law enforcement to seek solutions to their own internal structures and policies to correct these outrages, and the need for external accountability through legal and policy changes. Case studies are provided to illustrate the depth of issue

Alcohol dependence in public policy: towards its (re)inclusion

Public policy on alcohol in the UK relies on health promotion campaigns that encourage individuals who misuse alcohol to make healthier choices about their drinking. Individuals with alcohol-dependence syndrome have an impaired capacity to choose health. As a result, individuals with the worst alcohol misuse problems lie largely outside the reach of choice-based policy. However, such policy has been widely criticized and efforts to reform it are underway. This paper argues that the British Medical Association’s recent attempt to improve policy on alcohol in the UK by introducing strategies which have been shown to control drinking within populations still gives insufficient attention to alcohol dependence. This is because it fails accurately and consistently to characterize alcohol dependence and gives insufficient attention to the social challenges it presents