14,045 research outputs found
Development and verification of design methods for ducts in a space nuclear shield
A practical method for computing the effectiveness of a space nuclear shield perforated by small tubing and cavities is reported. Performed calculations use solutions for a two dimensional transport code and evaluate perturbations of that solution using last flight estimates and other kernel integration techniques. In general, perturbations are viewed as a change in source strength of scattered radiation and a change in attenuation properties of the region
Tunneling spectroscopy studies of aluminum oxide tunnel barrier layers
We report scanning tunneling microscopy and ballistic electron emission
microscopy studies of the electronic states of the uncovered and
chemisorbed-oxygen covered surface of AlOx tunnel barrier layers. These states
change when chemisorbed oxygen ions are moved into the oxide by either flood
gun electron bombardment or by thermal annealing. The former, if sufficiently
energetic, results in locally well defined conduction band onsets at ~1 V,
while the latter results in a progressively higher local conduction band onset,
exceeding 2.3 V for 500 and 600 C thermal anneals
Escape path complexity and its context dependency in Pacific blue-eyes (Pseudomugil signifer)
The escape trajectories animals take following a predatory attack appear to
show high degrees of apparent 'randomness' - a property that has been described
as 'protean behaviour'. Here we present a method of quantifying the escape
trajectories of individual animals using a path complexity approach. When fish
(Pseudomugil signifer) were attacked either on their own or in groups, we find
that an individual's path rapidly increases in entropy (our measure of
complexity) following the attack. For individuals on their own, this entropy
remains elevated (indicating a more random path) for a sustained period (10
seconds) after the attack, whilst it falls more quickly for individuals in
groups. The entropy of the path is context dependent. When attacks towards
single fish come from greater distances, a fish's path shows less complexity
compared to attacks that come from short range. This context dependency effect
did not exist, however, when individuals were in groups. Nor did the path
complexity of individuals in groups depend on a fish's local density of
neighbours. We separate out the components of speed and direction changes to
determine which of these components contributes to the overall increase in path
complexity following an attack. We found that both speed and direction measures
contribute similarly to an individual's path's complexity in absolute terms.
Our work highlights the adaptive behavioural tactics that animals use to avoid
predators and also provides a novel method for quantifying the escape
trajectories of animals.Comment: 9 page
Chandra Observations of "The Antennae" Galaxies (NGC 4038/39)
We report the results of a deep Chandra ACIS pointing at the merging system
NGC 4038/39. We detect an extraordinarily luminous population of X-ray sources,
with luminosity well above that of XRBs in M31 and the Milky Way. If these
sources are unbeamed XRBs, our observations may point to them being 10-100Mo
black hole counterparts. We detect an X-ray bright hot ISM, with features
including bright superbubbles associated with the actively star-forming knots,
regions where hot and warm (H) ISM intermingle, and a large-scale
outflow.Comment: 7 pages, 10 figures, Accepted for publication in Ap
Spin-Peierls states of quantum antiferromagnets on the lattice
We discuss the quantum paramagnetic phases of Heisenberg antiferromagnets on
the 1/5-depleted square lattice found in . The possible phases of
the quantum dimer model on this lattice are obtained by a mapping to a
quantum-mechanical height model. In addition to the ``decoupled'' phases found
earlier, we find a possible intermediate spin-Peierls phase with
spontaneously-broken lattice symmetry. Experimental signatures of the different
quantum paramagnetic phases are discussed.Comment: 9 pages; 2 eps figure
An RVB phase in the triangular lattice quantum dimer model
We study the quantum dimer model on the triangular lattice, which is expected
to describe the singlet dynamics of frustrated Heisenberg models in phases
where valence bond configurations dominate their physics. We find, in contrast
to the square lattice, that there is a truly short ranged resonating valence
bond (RVB) phase with no gapless collective excitations and with deconfined,
gapped, spinons for a {\it finite} range of parameters. We also establish the
presence of three crystalline phases in this system.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, Revtex 3.
Non-abelian statistics of half-quantum vortices in p-wave superconductors
Excitation spectrum of a half-quantum vortex in a p-wave superconductor
contains a zero-energy Majorana fermion. This results in a degeneracy of the
ground state of the system of several vortices. From the properties of the
solutions to Bogoliubov-de-Gennes equations in the vortex core we derive the
non-abelian statistics of vortices identical to that for the Moore-Read
(Pfaffian) quantum Hall state.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, REVTeX, epsf. Reference adde
Multiresolution community detection for megascale networks by information-based replica correlations
We use a Potts model community detection algorithm to accurately and
quantitatively evaluate the hierarchical or multiresolution structure of a
graph. Our multiresolution algorithm calculates correlations among multiple
copies ("replicas") of the same graph over a range of resolutions. Significant
multiresolution structures are identified by strongly correlated replicas. The
average normalized mutual information, the variation of information, and other
measures in principle give a quantitative estimate of the "best" resolutions
and indicate the relative strength of the structures in the graph. Because the
method is based on information comparisons, it can in principle be used with
any community detection model that can examine multiple resolutions. Our
approach may be extended to other optimization problems. As a local measure,
our Potts model avoids the "resolution limit" that affects other popular
models. With this model, our community detection algorithm has an accuracy that
ranks among the best of currently available methods. Using it, we can examine
graphs over 40 million nodes and more than one billion edges. We further report
that the multiresolution variant of our algorithm can solve systems of at least
200000 nodes and 10 million edges on a single processor with exceptionally high
accuracy. For typical cases, we find a super-linear scaling, O(L^{1.3}) for
community detection and O(L^{1.3} log N) for the multiresolution algorithm
where L is the number of edges and N is the number of nodes in the system.Comment: 19 pages, 14 figures, published version with minor change
Light versus dark in strong-lens galaxies: Dark matter haloes that are rounder than their stars
We measure the projected density profile, shape and alignment of the stellar
and dark matter mass distribution in 11 strong-lens galaxies. We find that the
projected dark matter density profile - under the assumption of a Chabrier
stellar initial mass function - shows significant variation from galaxy to
galaxy. Those with an outermost image beyond kpc are very well fit by
a projected NFW profile; those with images within 10 kpc appear to be more
concentrated than NFW, as expected if their dark haloes contract due to
baryonic cooling. We find that over several half-light radii, the dark matter
haloes of these lenses are rounder than their stellar mass distributions. While
the haloes are never more elliptical than , their stars can
extend to . Galaxies with high dark matter ellipticity and weak
external shear show strong alignment between light and dark; those with strong
shear () can be highly misaligned. This is reassuring since
isolated misaligned galaxies are expected to be unstable. Our results provide a
new constraint on galaxy formation models. For a given cosmology, these must
explain the origin of both very round dark matter haloes and misaligned
strong-lens systems.Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures, 4 tables. Accepted for publication by MNRA
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