The comparison of eating attitude and general health among native and non-native girl students of Tehran City universities, Iran

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to compare the attitude toward nutrition and general health in native and non-native students.METHODS: The statistical population of this study included all female students with emphasis on the students who were studying at Islamic Azad University of Tehran, Iran, in the year 2017-2018. According to the Morgan’s table, a sample of 320 people was selected using the convenience sampling method and was divided into two groups of 160 people. Regarding the purposefulness of the emphasis on the indigenous and non-homogeneous nature of the students by matching the groups (in order to control the variables of gender, economic status, marital status, age, and educational level), the non-native group was first identified and then the native group was matched. In this research, Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) (Garner and Garfinkel, 1979) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) (McDowell et al., 1996) were used. To analyze the data obtained from independent t-test, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), and multivariate regression, SPSS software was used.RESULTS: There was no significant difference between attitude toward nutrition and general health in native and non-native students.CONCLUSION: Higher attention should be paid to non-native students’ nutrition

El impacto del ejercicio de pilates en el trabajo sobre la satisfacción laboral entre las empleadas de Urmia Electricity Distribution Company

This study intends to investigate the effect of on-the-job pilates exercise on job satisfaction. The study follows a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test method with a focus on control and experimental groups. The statistical population comprises of all female employees working at Urmia Electricity Distribution Company. The experimental group received 8 weeks of exercise doing sessions (3 sessions per week, 30 minutes per session) in Electricity Distribution Company gym while the control group did not receive any treatment.  According to the results obtained, one can conclude that on-the-job Pilates exercise as sports technology had an effect on the job satisfaction of female employees at Urmia Electricity Distribution Company.Este estudio intenta investigar el efecto del ejercicio de pilates en el trabajo sobre la satisfacción laboral. El estudio sigue un diseño cuasiexperimental con un método previo y posterior a la prueba con un enfoque en el control y los grupos experimentales. La población estadística se compone de todas las empleadas que trabajan en Urmia Electricity Distribution Company. El grupo experimental recibió 8 semanas de ejercicio haciendo sesiones (3 sesiones por semana, 30 minutos por sesión) en el gimnasio de Electricity Distribution Company, mientras que el grupo de control no recibió ningún tratamiento. Según los resultados obtenidos, se puede concluir que el ejercicio de Pilates en el trabajo como tecnología deportiva tuvo un efecto en la satisfacción laboral de las empleadas de Urmia Electricity Distribution Company

Comparison of the Efficacy of Intravenous, Subcutaneous, and Suppository Morphine in Reducing Post Hysterectomy Pain

Background and aims: Postoperative pain has always been considered by surgeons because of its various complications. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of intravenous, subcutaneous and suppository morphine in reducing post-hysterectomy pain. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial, 90 patients undergoing hysterectomy were randomized into three groups of 30 each using simple randomization, namely, intravenous, subcutaneous, and suppository morphine (10 mg). Before intervention and 4, 8, 12, and 16 hours after intervention, pain intensity was measured using visual analogue scale (VAS). Relative frequency of nausea, vomiting, itching, bradypnea, and apnea in all groups was recorded. Data were analyzed by SPSS version16.0. Results: Mean pain severity at 0 hour postoperatively (P=0.004), 4 hours postoperatively (P=0.009), 8 hours postoperatively (P=0.009), and 12 hours postoperatively (P=0.001) was significantly higher in the suppository morphine group than in the other two groups. There was no significant difference in pain severity at 16 hours postoperatively among the three groups (P=0.446). According to the results of repeated measures ANOVA, changes in pain severity at the five intervals were statistically significant in all three groups (subcutaneous, intravenous, and suppository morphine groups) (P<0.001). There was also a statistically significant difference in pain severity at the studied intervals among the three groups (P<0.001). The frequency of nausea (P=0.05) and vomiting (P=0.84) was higher in the suppository group than in the other two groups, although the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study indicated better efficacy of subcutaneous and intravenous morphine in reducing post-hysterectomy pain compared with suppository morphine. Keywords: Morphine, Hysterectomy, Pai

Structural Dynamics and Tunability for Colloidal Tin Halide Perovskite Nanostructures

Lead halide perovskite nanocrystals are highly attractive for next-generation optoelectronics because they are easy to synthesize and offer great compositional and morphological tunability. However, the replacement of lead by tin for sustainability reasons is hampered by the unstable nature of Sn2+ oxidation state and by an insufficient understanding of the chemical processes involved in the synthesis. Here we demonstrate an optimized synthetic route to obtain stable, tunable, and monodisperse CsSnI3 nanocrystals, exhibiting well defined excitonic peaks. Similar to lead halide perovskites, we prepare these nanocrystals by combining a precursor mixture of SnI2 , oleylamine and oleic acid, with a Cs-oleate precursor. Among the products, nanocrystals with 10 nm lateral size in the γ-orthorhombic phase prove to be the most stable. To achieve such stability, an excess of precursor SnI2 as well as sub-stoichiometric Sn:ligand ratios are key. Structural, compositional and optical investigations complemented by first-principle DFT calculations confirm that nanocrystal nucleation and growth follow the formation of (R-NH3 + )2 SnI4 nanosheets with R = C18 H35 . Under specific synthetic conditions, stable mixtures of 3D nanocrystals CsSnI3 and 2D nanosheets (Ruddlesden-Popper (R-NH3 + )2 Csn-1 Snn I3n+1 with n>1) are obtained. These results set a path to exploiting the high potential of Sn halide perovskite nanocrystals for opto-electronic applications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Investigating the Effects of Privatization on the Economic Growth in Developing Countries: A Fixed Effects Approach

Considering that the economic adjustment policies have been proposed by international institutions for achieving a sustainable economic growth in the developing countries, the latter adopted privatization trend in economy following the application of economic adjustment policies. In this study, we investigated the effects of privatization on the economic growth of developing countries in 2000-2008. We selected a suitable model based on the past experimental studies, use of qualitative and institutional variables in economy as well as use of controlling variables for different regions. Results of estimation in different areas show that privatization in the MENA region, Latin America and Caribbean region, and sub-Saharan Africa had not significant effects on economic growth (Similar results of previous research) but for west Asia and Pacific areas, Central Asia and Western Europe, and South Asia had significant positive effects on economic growth. Keywords: Privatization, Economic Growth, Developing Countries, Fixed effect

The Effects of Quinoa and Amaranth Flour on the Qualitative Characteristics of Gluten-Free Cakes

The effect of pseudocereal flour such as quinoa and amaranth in different concentrations (0, 10, 20, and 30%) was investigated in gluten-free cake formulation. Cake containing amaranth and quinoa flour showed higher protein, fat, ash, and fiber content. A30 (30% amaranth) and Q30 (30% quinoa) had the highest values, and the control sample had the lowest values. The moisture content of the gluten-free cakes was not in the range of the Iranian standard. The sample containing 20% quinoa flour showed the highest specific volume (2.88±0.09 cm3/g) and the lowest hardness (259.33±10.09 g) (p<0.05). L∗ value varied from 72.09 to 79, and the gluten-free cakes had a darker color. All the cakes containing quinoa and amaranth flour showed low a∗ and b∗ values (p<0.05). Gluten-free cakes contain high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic and linolenic acids) and minerals (iron, calcium, magnesium, and zinc). The results of the sensory evaluation showed that the sample containing 10% of amaranth and quinoa flour obtained the highest taste, aroma, color, appearance, and overall acceptability score compared to other treatments. In conclusion, it is possible to produce gluten-free cakes with quinoa and amaranth flour with sensory and physicochemical properties similar to wheat cakes. The formulations containing 20% and 30% quinoa were the best

Effect of Eight Weeks of High Intensity Interval Training and Crocin Consumption on Serum Markers of Dox-induced Cardiotoxicity in Male Wistar Rats

Objective: Doxorubicin (Dox) is a very effective drug for the treatment of a wide range of cancers. However, in healthy tissues, especially cardiac tissue, it can lead to cytotoxicity. This study aims to determine the effect of 8 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and crocin consumption on serum markers of Dox-induced cardiotoxicity in male rats Methods: In this study, 32 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: healthy control, doxorubicin, doxorubicin + HIIT,  and doxorubicin + crocin + HIIT. The HIIT program was performed for 8 weeks, five days a week, with two 2-min intervals and 80% intensity in the first week and eight 2-minute intervals and 90% intensity of maximum speed in the final weeks. The last group received 10 mg/kg body weight of crocin by gavage for 8 weeks. Dox was injected subcutaneously seven times at a dose of 2 mg/kg. Forty-eight hours after the last training session and after anesthesia, blood samples were taken directly from the left ventricle; after separating serum from plasma, the levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) were measured. Data were analyzed using independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results: The Dox injection led to a significant increase in LDH and CK-MB levels in rats compared to the healthy control group (P=0.001). However, 8 weeks of HIIT significantly reduced the serum levels of LDH (P=0.001) and CK-MB (P=0.017) compared to the Dox group. In addition, 8 weeks of HIIT plus crocin consumption significantly reduced the LDH (P=0.001) and CK-MB (P=0.001) levels compared to the Dox group. There was no significant difference between the effects of HIIT alone and HIIT plus crocin consumption on the serum levels of LDH (P=0.087) and CK-MB (P=0.877) in rats received doxorubicin. Conclusion: It seems that HIIT alone and in combination with crocin consumption can reduce the changes in serum levels of LDH and CK-MB induced by doxorubicin

El impacto del ejercicio de pilates en el trabajo sobre la satisfacción laboral entre las empleadas de Urmia Electricity Distribution Company

This study intends to investigate the effect of on-the-job pilates exercise on job satisfaction. The study follows a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test method with a focus on control and experimental groups. The statistical population comprises of all female employees working at Urmia Electricity Distribution Company. The experimental group received 8 weeks of exercise doing sessions (3 sessions per week, 30 minutes per session) in Electricity Distribution Company gym while the control group did not receive any treatment.&nbsp; According to the results obtained, one can conclude that on-the-job Pilates exercise as sports technology had an effect on the job satisfaction of female employees at Urmia Electricity Distribution Company.Este estudio intenta investigar el efecto del ejercicio de pilates en el trabajo sobre la satisfacción laboral. El estudio sigue un diseño cuasiexperimental con un método previo y posterior a la prueba con un enfoque en el control y los grupos experimentales. La población estadística se compone de todas las empleadas que trabajan en Urmia Electricity Distribution Company. El grupo experimental recibió 8 semanas de ejercicio haciendo sesiones (3 sesiones por semana, 30 minutos por sesión) en el gimnasio de Electricity Distribution Company, mientras que el grupo de control no recibió ningún tratamiento. Según los resultados obtenidos, se puede concluir que el ejercicio de Pilates en el trabajo como tecnología deportiva tuvo un efecto en la satisfacción laboral de las empleadas de Urmia Electricity Distribution Company