Lietuvių senųjų raštų klitiniai įvardžiai (XVI–XVIII a.)

The dissertation investigates and describes the pronominal clitics of the Old Lithuanian (forms m(i), t(i)). It also provides a detailed inventory of these forms. On the basis of the collected material, declensional meanings of pronominal clitics are evaluated, the position of the forms in a sentence is defined as well as their position in respect of the word to which the pronominal clitic is adjacent. An overview of the evolution of pronominal clitics and the changes of their usage is adduced. The theoretical part of the paper discusses the typological parameters and researches of clitics, as well as the verbal and the second position clitics, and the evolution of multi-language systems of pronominal clitics – an intermediate position between the verbal and the second position clitics. The types of the positions in a sentence of the first and the second person pronominal clitics in the Old Lithuanian are determined. The investigative part of the thesis adduces the usage of the patterns of pronominal clitics in the Lithuanian texts of the 16th-18th centuries, analyzed in detail, in chronological order and according to individual authors. A lot of information about the evolution of the pronominal clitics and the changes of their usage is given on the basis of the editions of different periods of the same text or a set of texts. Among the other conclusions of the thesis, it is noted that the evolution of the pronominal clitics of the Old Lithuanian is typologically similar to the evolution of clitics of the Slavic languages. Much like them, the pronominal clitics in the Old Lithuanian texts tend to stay adjacent to a verb, although there are cases which can be seen as consistent with the archaic Wackernagel’s position

Lietuvių vienaskaitos pirmojo ir antrojo asmens klitinių įvardžių formos XVII a. raštuose

Šiame straipsnyje, laikantis anksčiau skelbtų klitinių įvardžių formų analizės ir aprašo principų, nustatytos klitinių įvardžių pozicijos sakinyje klasifikacijos (Razanovaitė 2013, 245—250), nagrinėjamos pirmojo ir antrojo asmens klitinių įvardžių formos, užfiksuotos XVII a. lietuvių raštuose. Apžvelgiant kiekvieną šaltinį, nustatoma klitinio įvardžio pozicija ir žodžio, prie kurio jis šlyja (toliau — šeimininko), atžvilgiu, ir pozicija sakinyje. Prieš aptariant šaltinį, paminima, kiek pirmojo, kiek antrojo asmens klitinių įvardžių formų vartojama. Apibendrinamosiose išvadose pateikiama XVII a. klitinių įvardžių vartosenos suvestinė.</div

First and the second singular personal pronominal clitics in the 16th century Lithuanian texts

Article analyzes the forms of the personal pronominal clitics in the 16th century Lithuanian texts in accordance with some criteria identifying and characterizing clitics (e. g. Aikhenvald 2002; Vos, Veselovská 1999). One of the aims is to define the position of clitics in relation to their host as well as their position in a clause. The position of personal pronominal clitics also often depends on their host‘s grammatical form. The criteria chosen to identify and characterize clitics allow to evaluate the personal pronominal clitics in Lithuanian texts of the 16th century systematically. The results show a high rate of personal pronominal clitics attached to the first accented word of a clause, which is a verb (87.8 %). It has to be mentioned that 11 % of the cases show personal pronominal clitics attaching to a verb which is not the first accented word of a clause. It has been noted that the Slavic languages exhibit a tension between two tendencies: to observe Wackernagel’s Law and hold the second position in a sentence / clause; and to follow the word to which they relate most closely. Personal pronominal clitics, if they are not in the second position, almost always occur after a verb (Gribble 1988, 194–195). Old Church Slavonic is considered to be a language which has traditionally been analyzed as a language obeying Wackernagel’s Law (Lunt 2001, 77), however, it shows a clear tendency of pronominal clitics to stay adjacent to a verb (Migdalski 2006, 167–169). The same phenomenon is observed in Old Lithuanian – although the pronominal clitics in the Old Lithuanian texts are considered to be enclitics (Zinkevičius 1981, 49), i. e. obeying the Wackernagel’s Law and holding the second position in a sentence, it should be noted that most of the pronominal clitics tend to stay adjacent to a verb, even if the verb is not the first word of a clause

About the atonic form of 2 SG. ACC. "te" in the old Lithuanian texts

In the old Lithuanian texts the atonic form gen., dat., acc. m(i), t(i) (Zinkevičius 1981, 49) is also used alongside the orthotonic genitive, dative and accusative forms of the first and the second person. The usual forms are mi, ti or the shortened ones -m or -t, except some forms te: used in the meaning of the second person accusative in the hymnal written by Saliamonas Mozerka Slavočinskis (SG) IOzapay pamażu / Meldźiute pamażu SG I 60,4–5, Sunau te girdźiu raudanti / Aſż ſaweſp tawe biłanti SG I 95,16–17 and Aß teyſingay ir łáymingay / Gȧrbinċiau te tułomis SG II 98,26–27. It is interesting that the clitic -te is used instead of the usual -ti in the old writings. The above-mentioned forms cannot be analysed apart from the reflexive particle, the origin of which is pronominal as well. Hermann is known to have paid attention to this phenomenon (1926, 83). It is thought that the reflexive particle se reflects the Baltic *s (Zinkevičius 1966, 331f.; Mažiulis 1959, 13; Rosinas 1995, 36). With reference to the form the Balts can be thought to have had other forms of accusative of pronominal clitics, such as *m, *t (Rosinas 1995, 36). Consequently, the forms with -te attested in the hymnal of Slavočinskis and in „Knyga nobažnystės“ show that the Baltic *t enclitic form te ‘tave’ is directly attested