INTERAÇÃO PAI–AVÔ-MATERNO NA ESTIMATIVA DE CO)VARIÂNCIAS, E TENDÊNCIA GENÉTICA DO CRESCIMENTO PRÉ-DESMAMA EM GADO NELORE

Foram utilizados pesos padronizados aos 120 (P120) e 240 (P240) dias de idade, de 8.084 bezerros Nelore, de ambos os sexos, criados a pasto, nascidos entre 1987 e 1997 em 31 rebanhos, para estimar componentes de (co)variância e obter predições de valores genéticos. O modelo animal misto completo para cada caráter incluiu os efeitos fixos de grupo contemporâneo (rebanho-ano-época-sexo-grupo- manejo) e seis classes de idade da vaca ao parto em anos (2, 3, 4, 5, 6 a 9, 10 e mais), e os efeitos aleatórios genéticos aditivos do animal (direto e maternal), ambiental permanente maternal, interação pai –avô-materno (PAM) e residual. O efeito da interação PAM explicou entre 2,8% e 3,1 % da variância fenotípica, e determinou redução das variâncias direta e maternal e aumento da covariância entre efeitos direto e maternal. As herdabilidades diretas diminuíram de 0,24 a 0,20 (P120), e 0,24 a 0,19 (P240), e as correspondentes herdabilidades maternais de 0,17 a 0,13 e 0,20 a 0,16, respectivamente. As correlações entre efeitos genéticos direto e maternal aumentaram de 0,05 a 0,29 (P120), e -0,12 a 0,01 (P240), não indicando antagonismo. A evolução das médias anuais dos valores genéticos indicou escasso ou nenhum progresso no período analisado, especialmente na habilidade maternal. O uso intensivo e por vários anos de poucos touros aponta-se como causa importante desse resultado. O efeito da interação PAM e a evolução genética devem ser pesquisados com maior abrangência, incluindo dados mais recentes. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: (Co)variâncias maternais, interação pai–avô-materno, tendência genética

Relative contribution of effects included in contemporary groups for adjusted and actual 120-day and 210-day weights in Nelore cattle in Brazil

The objective of this research was to estimate the relative magnitude of effects included in contemporary groups (CG) and their interactions with adjusted and actual 120 d and 210 d weights in 72,731 male and female Nelore calves born from 1985 to 2005 in 40 herds from PMGRN (Genetic Improvement Program of Nelore). Ten models with different CG structures were compared. The analyses were done using the general linear models (GLM) procedure run in SAS software. All of the effects included in the CG for each model were significant (p < 0.001) for the four traits analyzed. Inclusion of semester or trimester of birth as part of a CG was more appropriate than its use as an independent effect in the model because it accounted for interactions with the other effects in the CG. Calf sex (CS) and dam age at calving (DAC) had similar effects across the models, which suggested independence from other effects in these models. The corresponding age deviation effect had a larger impact on actual weight at 120 d than any other effect in all of the models tested. The use of actual weights in models with no CS effect in CG provides an alternative that would allow better genetic connectedness among CGs and greater accuracy in genetic evaluations

Genotype by environment interaction for 450-day weight of Nelore cattle analyzed by reaction norm models

Genotype by environment interactions (GEI) have attracted increasing attention in tropical breeding programs because of the variety of production systems involved. In this work, we assessed GEI in 450-day adjusted weight (W450) Nelore cattle from 366 Brazilian herds by comparing traditional univariate single-environment model analysis (UM) and random regression first order reaction norm models for six environmental variables: standard deviations of herd-year (RRMw) and herd-year-season-management (RRMw-m) groups for mean W450, standard deviations of herd-year (RRMg) and herd-year-season-management (RRMg-m) groups adjusted for 365-450 days weight gain (G450) averages, and two iterative algorithms using herd-year-season-management group solution estimates from a first RRMw-m and RRMg-m analysis (RRMITw-m and RRMITg-m, respectively). The RRM results showed similar tendencies in the variance components and heritability estimates along environmental gradient. Some of the variation among RRM estimates may have been related to the precision of the predictor and to correlations between environmental variables and the likely components of the weight trait. GEI, which was assessed by estimating the genetic correlation surfaces, had values < 0.5 between extreme environments in all models. Regression analyses showed that the correlation between the expected progeny differences for UM and the corresponding differences estimated by RRM was higher in intermediate and favorable environments than in unfavorable environments (p < 0.0001)

SIRE– MATERNAL GRANDSIRE INTERACTION ON (CO)VARIANCE ESTIMATIONS, AND GENETIC TREND OF PRE-WEANING GROWTH TRAITS OF NELLORE CATTLE INTERAÇÃO PAI–AVÔ-MATERNO NA ESTIMATIVA DE CO)VARIÂNCIAS, E TENDÊNCIA GENÉTICA DO CRESCIMENTO PRÉ-DESMAMA EM GADO NELORE

Adjusted weights at 120 (P120) and 240 (P240) days of age from 8,084 Nellore calves of both sexes were used to obtain estimate of (co)variance components and predictions of breeding values. Calves were born between 1987 and 1997 and raised on pasture in 31 herds. The complete mixed model for each trait included the fixed effects of contemporary group (herd-year-season-sex-management group) and six cow age at calving classes (2, 3, 4, 5, 6 to 9, and 10 years and older cows), and random additive genetic effects of animal (direct and maternal), maternal permanent environmental, sire x maternal grandsire interaction (PAM) and residual. Inclusion of PAM interaction explained between 2.8 and 3.1 % of the phenotypic variance, and caused a reduction in direct and maternal variances and an increase in direct-maternal covariances. Direct heritabilities diminished from 0.24 to 0.20 (P120), and from 0.24 to 0.19 (P240). Corresponding maternal heritabilities decreased from 0.17 to 0.13 and from 0.20 to 0.16. Direct-maternal genetic correlations increased from 0.05 to 0.29 (P120), and from -0.12 to 0.01 (P240), indicating no antagonism. Figures of annual breeding value means showed scarce or any progress during the analyzed period, particularly on maternal ability. Intensive use of few sires could be a major factor contributing to these results. The PAM interaction effect and the genetic trend must be investigated further on a database including recent information.&#13; KEY WORDS: (Co)variances, genetic trend, sire–maternal grandisre interaction. Foram utilizados pesos padronizados aos 120 (P120) e 240 (P240) dias de idade, de 8.084 bezerros Nelore, de ambos os sexos, criados a pasto, nascidos entre 1987 e 1997 em 31 rebanhos, para estimar componentes de (co)variância e obter predições de valores genéticos. O modelo animal misto completo para cada caráter incluiu os efeitos fixos de grupo contemporâneo (rebanho-ano-época-sexo-grupo- manejo) e seis classes de idade da vaca ao parto em anos (2, 3, 4, 5, 6 a 9, 10 e mais), e os efeitos aleatórios genéticos aditivos do animal (direto e maternal), ambiental permanente maternal, interação pai –avô-materno (PAM) e residual. O efeito da interação PAM explicou entre 2,8% e 3,1 % da variância fenotípica, e determinou redução das variâncias direta e maternal e aumento da covariância entre efeitos direto e maternal. As herdabilidades diretas diminuíram de 0,24 a 0,20 (P120), e 0,24 a 0,19 (P240), e as correspondentes herdabilidades maternais de 0,17 a 0,13 e 0,20 a 0,16, respectivamente. As correlações entre efeitos genéticos direto e maternal aumentaram de 0,05 a 0,29 (P120), e -0,12 a 0,01 (P240), não indicando antagonismo. A evolução das médias anuais dos valores genéticos indicou escasso ou nenhum progresso no período analisado, especialmente na habilidade maternal. O uso intensivo e por vários anos de poucos touros aponta-se como causa importante desse resultado. O efeito da interação PAM e a evolução genética devem ser pesquisados com maior abrangência, incluindo dados mais recentes.&#13; PALAVRAS-CHAVE: (Co)variâncias maternais, interação pai–avô-materno, tendência genética

Is the American Zebu really Bos indicus?

The American continent was colonized in the 16th century by Europeans who first introduced cattle of Bos taurus origin. Accounts register introduction of Bos indicus cattle into South America in the 19th and continuing through the 20th century, and most reported imports were males derived from the Indian subcontinent. In the present study we show, by using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymorphism, major participation of matrilineages of taurus origin in the American Zebu purebred origin, i.e., 79, 73 and 100% for the Nellore, Gyr and Brahman breeds, respectively. Moreover, we have created a restriction map identifying polymorphism among B. taurus and B. indicus mtDNA using three restriction enzymes. Results are discussed concerning American Zebu origins and potential use of this information for investigating the contribution of cytoplasmic genes in cattle production traits

Analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism in the kappa-casein gene related to weight expected progeny difference in Nellore cattle

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) has been detected at the bovine kappa-casein locus. The polymorphism has been analyzed for its effects in cattle production, mostly for milk traits and even for maternal effect on pre-weaning weights. We used polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) to genotype 408 Nellore animals for the non-silent mutation (Thr/Ile136 and Asp/Ala148) that characterizes the A and B variants of the polymorphism and compared expected progeny difference (EPD) for a maternal effect on 120 and 210 days weights and direct EPD for 120, 210, 450 and 550 day weight between AA and AB animals. The EPD values were obtained from the University of São Paulo (Brazil) Nellore Cattle Breeding Program, which evaluated 266,272 animals in 2001. Analysis of Variance was used to compare weight expected progeny differences (EPDs) between animals genotyped as AA and AB. The A allele frequency was 0.911. Although the AA animals had higher weight EPDs than AB animals the differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05)