Basic characteristics of the individuals at presentation.

*<p>Migrants: people who reside Shenzhen but keep “<i>hukou</i>” in their hometown <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067516#pone.0067516-Jia1" target="_blank">[12]</a>.</p

A. The trend of TB notification rate during 1993–2010.

<p>B. Overall treatment delay trend over time stratified from 1993–2010. C. Proportion of different treatment delay durations over time from 1993–2010.</p

Risk factors related with treatment delay.

<p>Risk factors related with treatment delay.</p

Effect of delay on transmission of tuberculosis.

<p>Effect of delay on transmission of tuberculosis.</p

Seroprevalence of Antibodies to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus among Close Contacts Exposed to H5N1 Cases, China, 2005–2008

<div><p>To assess the extent of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A (H5N1) virus transmission, we conducted sero-epidemiologic studies among close contacts exposed to H5N1 cases in mainland China during 2005–2008. Blood specimens were collected from 87 household members and 332 social contacts of 23 H5N1 index cases for HPAI H5N1 serological testing by modified horse red-blood-cell hemagglutinin inhibition and microneutralization assays. All participants were interviewed with a standardized questionnaire to collect information about the use of personal protective equipment, illness symptoms, exposure to an H5N1 case during the infectious period, and poultry exposures. Two (2.3%) household contacts tested positive for HPAI H5N1 virus antibody, and all social contacts tested negative. Both seropositive cases had prolonged, unprotected, close contact with a different H5N1 index case, including days of bed-care or sleeping together during the index case’s infectious period, and did not develop any illness. None of the 419 close contacts used appropriate personal protective equipment including 17% who reported providing bedside care or having physical contact with an H5N1 case for at least 12 hours. Our findings suggest that HPAI H5N1 viruses that circulated among poultry in mainland China from 2005–2008 were not easily transmitted to close contacts of H5N1 cases.</p></div

Survey sites, study population and antigens used in seroprevalence survey among close contacts exposed to HPAI H5N1 case-patients, China, 2005–2008.

#<p>A/CK/HN/21/05(H5N1) and A/CK/LN/23/05(H5N1) isolated from poultry epidemiologically linked to case-patient 1 and case-patient 2 respectively, were used as antigens in the serological assays for close contact exposed to the matched H5N1 case; these two patients were confirmed by serology only.</p>*<p>For serological testing of exposed contacts without isolation of H5N1 viruses from either human cases or poultry epidemiologically linked to cases, a representative H5N1 virus strain [clade 2.3.4, A/Anhui/1/2005(H5N1)] was used as the antigen.</p

Flowchart of H5N1 serological testing for 419 close contacts exposed to HPAI H5N1 cases, China, 2005–2008.

<p>Flowchart of H5N1 serological testing for 419 close contacts exposed to HPAI H5N1 cases, China, 2005–2008.</p

Demographic characteristics, exposure history, use of personal protective equipment, and serum collection of 419 close contacts exposed to HPAI H5N1 case-patients, China, 2005–2008.

<p>Data are no. (%) of close contacts, unless otherwise indicated. Percentages may not total 100 because of rounding.</p>#<p>Contact with well-appearing or sick/dead poultry was defined as direct contact (e.g. touching), or indirect contact which was defined as no physical contact, but being within 1 meter of poultry, poultry products, or poultry feces.</p>*<p>A wet poultry market was defined as a place where small animals and poultry may be purchased live or slaughtered at the market.</p

Factors associated with HIVDR among ART treated patients.

<p>Factors associated with HIVDR among ART treated patients.</p

HIV detectable drug limiting resistance mutations among 543 patients with plasma HIV-1 RNA concentrations ≥1000 copies/ml and drug resistance.

<p>HIV detectable drug limiting resistance mutations among 543 patients with plasma HIV-1 RNA concentrations ≥1000 copies/ml and drug resistance.</p