Bacillus cereus nositelj plazmida pXO1 s genom pag uzrokuje u goveda s oslabljenim imunosnim sustavom smrtonosnu septikemiju sličnu bedrenici - kratko priopćenje.

Bacillus cereus is ubiquitous in nature and while most isolates appear to be harmless, some are associated with food-borne illnesses, wound infections, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, endophthalmitis and urinary tract infections in humans. Recently, a few isolates have been identified as the causative agents of anthrax-like severe pneumonia in humans, and these isolates were found to harbor most of the B. anthracis virulence plasmid pXO1. Here we report the characterization of three clinical B. cereus isolates recovered from heart blood and spleen samples of cattle which had died with ‘anthrax like’ symptoms. Apart from the cultural characterizations, primers targeting the 16S rRNA gene of B. cereus were designed and used on these isolates. The isolates were found to harbor the pXO1 plasmid and lacked pXO2 plasmid. Further characterization of the pXO1 plasmid revealed that the isolates contained pag, lef and cya genes, which code for protective antigen, lethal factor and edema factor toxins responsible for eliciting an ‘anthrax like disease’ in cattle. The sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of partial pag gene sequences of B. cereus isolates were identical to pag gene sequences on the pXO1 of B. anthracis. In a pathogenicity test on mice, B. cereus isolates, when inoculated by the intra peritoneal route, caused mortality of the mice within 6 hours post inoculation.Bacillus cereus je posvudašnja bakterija. Većina izolata te bakterije je neškodljiva, a neki mogu uzrokovati bolesti koje se prenose hranom, infekcije rana, endokarditis, osteomijelitis, endoftalmitis i infekcije mokraćnog sustava u ljudi. Nedavno je identificirano nekoliko izolata koji uzrokuju tešku upalu pluća u čovjeka sličnu onoj kod bedrenice. Ti izolati većinom nose virulentni plazmid pXO1 vrste B. anthracis. U ovom radu određena su obilježja triju kliničkih izolata vrste B. cereus izdvojenih iz krvi sadržane u srcu i uzoraka slezene goveda uginulih pod znakovima sličnima bedrenici. Osim određivanja kulturalnih obilježja, pripremljene su i početnice za gen 16S rRNA vrste B. cereus koje su bile rabljene za identifikaciju izolata. Ustanovljeno je da izolati nose plazmid pXO1, a nedostaje im plazmid pXO2. Daljnja karakterizacija plazmida pXO1 pokazala je da izolati sadrže gene pag, lef i cya koji kodiraju za zaštitni antigen, letalni čimbenik i edemski čimbenik, toksine koji su odgovorni za pojavu bolesti u goveda slične bedrenici. Određivanje slijeda i filogenetska analiza dijela sekvencija gena pag izolata B. cereus pokazala je da su oni istovjetni sekvencijama gena pag na pXO1 bakterije B. anthracis. U testu patogenosti na miševima, izolati B. cereus prouzročili su njihovo uginuće šest sati nakon intraperitonejske inokulacije

Current Trends in Nanoporous Anodized Alumina Platforms for Biosensing Applications

Pristine aluminum (Al) has received great deal of attention on fabrication of nanoporous anodized alumina (NAA) with arrays of nanosized uniform pores with controllable pore sizes and lengths by the anodization process. There are many applications of NAA in the field of biosensors due to its numerous key factors such as ease of fabrication, high surface area, chemical stability and detection of biomolecules through bioconjugation of active molecules, its rapidness, and real-time monitoring. Herein, we reviewed the recent trends on the fabrication of NAA for high sensitive biosensor platforms like bare sensors, gold coated sensors, multilayer sensors, and microfluidic device supported sensors for the detection of various biomolecules. In addition, we have discussed the future prospectus about the improvement of NAA based biosensors for the detection of biomolecules

The impact of COVID-19 on compliance to amblyopia treatment in a tertiary eye care center

Purpose: To investigate the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak on compliance to amblyopia therapy from the perspective of parents of amblyopic children. Methods: The participants for the qualitative study were enrolled from the medical records of a tertiary eye care center during the COVID-19 pandemic. The trained researcher conducted telephonic interviews consisting of validated 15 open-ended questions for 15 min. The questions were related to patients' compliance toward amblyopia treatment and the date of follow-up with their practitioners. The data collected were entered on Excel sheets in the participant's own words and later converted to a transcript for analysis. Results: A total of 217 parents of children with amblyopia who were due for follow-up were contacted through telephone. The response rate for willingness to participate was only 36% (n = 78). Of these, 76% (n = 59) of parents reported that their child was compliant toward the treatment during the therapy period and 69% reported that their child was currently not on treatment for amblyopia. Conclusion: In the current study, we have observed that although reported compliance by parents during the therapy period was good, around 69% of patients had discontinued amblyopia therapy. The main reason for the discontinuation of therapy was the failure to visit the hospital during the scheduled follow-up with the eye care practitioner

Development of polymerase chain reaction for detection of predominant streptococcal isolates causing subclinical bovine mastitis

208-212Bovine mastitis is the most important source of loss for the growing dairy industry. Streptococci, with special reference to Streptococcus agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae and S. uberis, are the predominant pathogens causing bovine mastitis. A rapid, sensitive and specific test for the detection of these pathogens needs to be developed. To accomplish this, initially 163 milk samples were collected from various organized and unorganized sectors in and around Bangalore, India. These milk samples were screened for subclinical mastitis by somatic cell counting (SSC) and electro conduction (EC). Of these, 131 samples selected based on SCC and EC values were subjected for isolation of the organisms. Two sets of specific primers, targeting streptococcal 16S rRNA gene were designed for detection of S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae and S. uberis. The results of the study showed S. agalactiae as the predominant streptococci among the generally identified streptococcal species associated with subclinical bovine mastitis in dairy cattle in and around Bangalore. </span

Cytopathic effect of PPR vaccine virus strains in Vero cells

The present study describes the cytopathic effect of two different Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) vaccine virus strains presently being used in the country, in vero cells. The cytopathic effect (CPE) was visible from 4th day post infection in Sungri vaccine virus strain where as Arasur vaccine virus strain showed CPE, 36-48 hr post infection. With both vaccine virus strains the CPE in vero cells showed initial cell rounding, aggregation and syncytial development. The generalized CPE was noticed by 6th day in Sungri and by 96 hrs post infection in Arasur strain. However complete detachment of the cell monolayer was observed in Arasur strain by 120 hr, post infection. Infected coverslip cultures stained with H &amp; E and May &amp; Grunwald&amp;#8217;s Giemsa showed cell vaculation, cytoplasmic extension and syncytia comprising of five to six nuclei. Acidophilic intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies were also observed. Titers, HA activity and detection by s-ELISA of both the vaccine virus strains are also compared. [Vet. World 2009; 2(3.000): 93-94

PCR based confirmation of sheeppox vaccine virus

[Vet World 2010; 3(4.000): 160-

Bacillus cereus nositelj plazmida pXO1 s genom pag uzrokuje u goveda s oslabljenim imunosnim sustavom smrtonosnu septikemiju sličnu bedrenici - kratko priopćenje.

Bacillus cereus is ubiquitous in nature and while most isolates appear to be harmless, some are associated with food-borne illnesses, wound infections, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, endophthalmitis and urinary tract infections in humans. Recently, a few isolates have been identified as the causative agents of anthrax-like severe pneumonia in humans, and these isolates were found to harbor most of the B. anthracis virulence plasmid pXO1. Here we report the characterization of three clinical B. cereus isolates recovered from heart blood and spleen samples of cattle which had died with ‘anthrax like’ symptoms. Apart from the cultural characterizations, primers targeting the 16S rRNA gene of B. cereus were designed and used on these isolates. The isolates were found to harbor the pXO1 plasmid and lacked pXO2 plasmid. Further characterization of the pXO1 plasmid revealed that the isolates contained pag, lef and cya genes, which code for protective antigen, lethal factor and edema factor toxins responsible for eliciting an ‘anthrax like disease’ in cattle. The sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of partial pag gene sequences of B. cereus isolates were identical to pag gene sequences on the pXO1 of B. anthracis. In a pathogenicity test on mice, B. cereus isolates, when inoculated by the intra peritoneal route, caused mortality of the mice within 6 hours post inoculation.Bacillus cereus je posvudašnja bakterija. Većina izolata te bakterije je neškodljiva, a neki mogu uzrokovati bolesti koje se prenose hranom, infekcije rana, endokarditis, osteomijelitis, endoftalmitis i infekcije mokraćnog sustava u ljudi. Nedavno je identificirano nekoliko izolata koji uzrokuju tešku upalu pluća u čovjeka sličnu onoj kod bedrenice. Ti izolati većinom nose virulentni plazmid pXO1 vrste B. anthracis. U ovom radu određena su obilježja triju kliničkih izolata vrste B. cereus izdvojenih iz krvi sadržane u srcu i uzoraka slezene goveda uginulih pod znakovima sličnima bedrenici. Osim određivanja kulturalnih obilježja, pripremljene su i početnice za gen 16S rRNA vrste B. cereus koje su bile rabljene za identifikaciju izolata. Ustanovljeno je da izolati nose plazmid pXO1, a nedostaje im plazmid pXO2. Daljnja karakterizacija plazmida pXO1 pokazala je da izolati sadrže gene pag, lef i cya koji kodiraju za zaštitni antigen, letalni čimbenik i edemski čimbenik, toksine koji su odgovorni za pojavu bolesti u goveda slične bedrenici. Određivanje slijeda i filogenetska analiza dijela sekvencija gena pag izolata B. cereus pokazala je da su oni istovjetni sekvencijama gena pag na pXO1 bakterije B. anthracis. U testu patogenosti na miševima, izolati B. cereus prouzročili su njihovo uginuće šest sati nakon intraperitonejske inokulacije

Not Available

Not AvailableThe study investigated the important epidemiological parameters and farm-level economic costs of FMD incidence in cattle and buffaloes during 2013-14 to 2015-16 in various states of India. Multistage random sampling procedure was adopted for the primary survey and data was collected through face-to-face personal interview from 18,609 cattle and buffalo rearing farm households from 123 districts across twelve states and one Union Territory. Besides epidemiological parameters, different farm-level direct and indirect loss associated with FMD was assessed at disaggregated level (states) by employing deterministic mathematical models. Highest number of affected villages and disease incidence was observed in non- FMD control programme (FMD-CP) implemented Madhya Pradesh and Assam states, respectively whereas negligible incidence was in FMD-CP implemented Punjab state. The disease incidence was high during 2013-14 and declined during 2014-15 and 2015-16, respectively implied severe incidence scenario (2013-14) succeeded by moderate (2014-15) and mild (2015-16) scenarios. The crossbred and high productive animals were severely affected than local breeds whereas on sexwise and agewise comparison revealed higher incidence in females and adult animals. During severe incidence scenario, milk loss/animal ranged from USD 6.87-47.44, 18.42-125.88, 16.33-91.43, and 27.17-123.62; mortality loss/animal ranged from USD 32.61-804.27, 30.76-577.7, 65.36-502.2, and 188.04-413.7; distress sale loss/animal ranged from USD 3.22-188.63, 64.34-519.3, 214.47-341.8, and 209.11-450.3; and opportunity cost of labour/animal from USD 5.49-54.29, 5.49-67.78; 7.95-31.37 and 9.83-72.38 in indigenous cattle, crossbred cattle, local and improved buffalo, respectively. The estimated draught power loss/animal varied from USD 39.46-142.94 with least being in Madhya Pradesh and highest in Assam states whereas the median treatment cost/animal was USD 9.18 and USD 27.07 in indigenous cattle and upgraded buffaloes, respectively. The total farm-level economic loss projected due to FMD in cattle and buffaloes in India was USD 3159 million (INR 221,110 million), USD 270 million (INR 18,910 million) and USD 152 million (INR 10,610 million), respectively during the severe, moderate and mild incidence scenarios at 2015-16 constant prices. The loss varied across the states, and in severe incidence scenario, the country might lose USD 3.2 billion/year and hence, the bi-annual vaccination schedule need to be strictly implemented in all the states. Besides timely vaccination coverage, managing unabated animal movement, educating and motivating the farmers to vaccinate their animals might reduce the incidence and consequential losses to various stakeholders in endemic states like IndiaNot Availabl