Soluble insulin receptor full-length (sIRαβ) stratified by HAND.

<p>Soluble insulin receptor (sIR) intact or full-length (αβ) subunit was measured by ELISA <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0037358#pone.0037358-The1" target="_blank">[47]</a> in plasma (A) and CSF (B) of HIV-seropositive women (HIV+) (n = 34) stratified by HAND into normal cognition (n = 11), asymptomatic impairment (n = 8), and symptomatic impairment (n = 15); and 10 HIV-negative controls (HIV−) (5 plasma were different women from 5 CSF). In plasma (A), levels of full-length sIR were significantly increased from controls in all HIV-seropositive women and it correlated with the severity of HAND (normal cognition [p = 0.003], asymptomatic impairment [p<0.001], and symptomatic impairment [p<0.001]). Also, women with symptomatic impairment had significant higher levels of full-length sIR when compared to those with normal cognition (p = 0.009). A similar trend was observed in CSF samples (B), although the only significant increased was observed in the women with symptomatic impairment when compared to controls. (MFI = Median Fluorescence Intensity).</p

Soluble Insulin Receptor Levels (MFI) and HIV-seropositive women stratified by HAND.

a<p>MFI  =  Median Fluorescence Intensity; median (interquartile range [25^th and 75^th percentile]),</p>b<p>significant p value<0.05^*.</p

Membrane insulin receptor (mIR), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), and IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation levels in the CSF white cell pellet (CSF WCP) stratified by HAND.

a<p>For the mIR (MFI) and IRS-1 we analyzed 11 women with normal cognition, 8 with asymptomatic impairment, and 15 with symptomatic impairment. For IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation 5 women per group were analyzed;</p>b<p>significant p value<0.05^*;</p>c<p>MFI = Median Fluorescence Intensity; median (interquartile range [25^th and 75^th percentile]).</p

Soluble insulin receptor full-length (sIRαβ) and HIV.

<p>Soluble insulin receptor (sIR) intact or full-length (αβ) was measured in plasma (A) and CSF (B) of HIV-seropositive women (HIV+) (n = 34) and controls (HIV−) (n = 10, 5 with plasma and different 5 for CSF). The sIR subunits were determined using an ELISA <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0037358#pone.0037358-The1" target="_blank">[47]</a> Significantly higher levels of full-length sIR was observed in HIV-seropositive women in plasma and CSF when compared with controls (p<0.001 and p = 0.003 respectively). (MFI = Median Fluorescence Intensity).</p

Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 (IRS-1) tyrosine phosphorylation stratified by HAND.

<p>Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) tyrosine phosphorylation was determined in CSF cell pellets of 23 HIV-seropositive women (HIV+) stratified by HAND (7 with normal cognition, 7 with asymptomatic impairment, and 9 with symptomatic impairment) using flow cytometry. A significant decrease in IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation was observed between HIV-seropositive women with normal cognition and symptomatic impairment (p = 0.02). (MFI = Median Fluorescence Intensity).</p