Identifikasi Thrips Alliorum (Priesner), Thrips Hawaiiensis (Morgan), dan Thrips Parvispinus (Karny) Berdasarkan Variasi DNA COI Mitokondria

Genus Thrips adalah genus kedua terbesar Ordo Thysanoptera yang sebagian besar anggotanya bersifat polifag dan beberapa spesies merupakan hama serius pada tanaman sayuran. Kerusakan yang ditimbulkan oleh trips dapat menyebabkan kehilangan hasil 30–50%. Thrips alliorum (Priesner), T. hawaiiensis (Morgan), dan T. parvispinus (Karny) banyak dilaporkan menjadi hama pada pertanaman terutama pertanaman hortikultura. Penggunaan karakter molekuler, seperti runutan DNA fragmen gen Cytochrome Oxydase I mitokondria (mtCOI) dapat digunakan untuk identifikasi spesies atau konfirmasi hasil identifikasi dengan menggunakan karakter morfologi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi T. alliorum, T. hawaiiensis, dan T. parvispinus berdasarkan runutan DNA fragmen gen mtCOI. Identifikasi molekular dilakukan melalui tiga tahap, yaitu koleksi sampel dan isolasi DNA, amplifikasi DNA menggunakan polimerase chain reaction (PCR), dan analisis hasil runutan DNA. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa runutan DNA fragmen mtCOI T. alliorum, T. hawaiiensis, dan T. parvispinus memiliki panjang basa 678, 690, dan 668 pb yang didominasi oleh basa A dan T dengan nilai variasi nukleotida sebesar 25,18%. Identifikasi tiga spesies trips T. alliorum, T. hawaiiensis, dan T. parvispinus berdasarkan runutan DNA fragmen mtCOI menunjukkan hasil yang sama dengan identifikasi berdasarkan karakter morfologi

Keefektifan Tiga Jenis Insektisida Nabati Terhadap Kutu Putih Pepaya Paracoccus Marginatus Dan Keamanannya Terhadap Larva Kumbang Predator Curinus Coeruleus

Effectiveness of three botanical insecticides against the papaya mealybug Paracoccus marginatus and their safety to the predatory Curinus coeruleus larvae. Preparations of Tephrosia vogelii (Tv) leaf extract (0.5% and 1% w/v), Annona squamosa (As) seed extract (0.5% and 1%), and Cinnamomum multiforum (Cm) leaf essential oil (1% and 2%), and their mixtures (Mix-1: Tv 0.25% + As 0.25% + Cm 0.5%; Mix-2: Tv 0.5% + As 0.5% + Cm 1%) were tested for their effectiveness on third-instar nymphs of Paracoccus marginatus by spraying the test materials on undetached papaya leaves and by direct spraying on the test insects using Potter spray tower. Tv extract was also applied on the test insects placed on undetached papaya leaves. The safety test was done by direct spraying of the test materials on the predatory Curinus coeruleus larvae using Potter spray tower. Tv and As extracts at a concentration of 1% each are potential to be used for the control of P. marginatus. Spraying of T. vogelii extract on the test P. marginatus nymphs placed on papaya leaves was more effective than spraying of the test materials on papaya leaves or direct spraying on the test insects only. The treatment with Cm essential oil required twice the concentration of Tv and As extracts to obtain the same level of effectiveness. The treatment with Mix-2 caused lower P. marginatus mortality than the sum of mortality caused by its components applied separately. Nonetheless, the three botanical insecticides and their mixtures were safe to C. coeruleus larvae. On the other hand, although the synthetic insecticide imidacloprid (neonicotinoid), included in the study for comparison, was effective against P. marginatus, it was also toxic to the predatory C. coeruleus larvae so its use should be avoided or limited

Kutu Putih Singkong, Phenacoccus Manihoti Matile-ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae): Persebaran Geografi Di Pulau Jawa Dan Rintisan Pengendalian Hayati

Cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae): Geographic distribution in Java and initiation of biological control. Cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Psedococcidae), is a recently introduced pest in Indonesia. Parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was imported to control the pest. Studies were conducted to determine geographic distribution of P. manihoti throughout Java, and to evaluate the potential of the parasitoid as a biological control agent. Geographic distribution of the pest was determined through field survey, whereas evaluation of the parasitoid was studied through cage experiment and field release. Our survey revealed that the cassava mealybug has spread throughout Java. Heavy infestations caused shortened and distorted stems, complete defoliation, and stunted growth. In cages containing only mealybugs, all cassava plants (100%) died after two months. Whereas in cages containing both mealybugs and three pairs of parasitoid, rate of parasitization was 25% and plant mortality 20%. Parasitoids released in the field were able to survive, reproduce, and establish under Bogor climatic condition. These might indicate that parasitoid A. lopezi is a potential natural enemy to be used in biological control program of the cassava mealybug

Ritme Aktivitas Penerbangan Harian Tetragonula Laeviceps (Smith) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) di Bogor

Tetragonula laeviceps (Smith) adalah salah satu spesies lebah tak bersengat yang paling umum dijumpai di Indonesia. Namun demikian, tidak banyak publikasi tersedia tentang ritme aktivitas penerbangan T. laeviceps. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji aktivitas penerbangan T. laeviceps dalam kaitannya dengan waktu harian dan berbagai unsur cuaca. Tiga koloni diamati setiap jam selama 5 menit dari pukul 06:00 hingga 18:00 WIB. Pengamatan meliputi banyaknya T. laeviceps yang keluar sarang, masuk sarang, membawa polen, membawa resin, dan membuang sampah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas penerbangan berbeda nyata (P < 0,001) di antara jam-jam pengamatan. Secara umum, preferensi waktu (akrofase) aktivitas penerbangan terjadi pada pukul 11:00–12:00 WIB. Banyaknya T. laeviceps yang keluar dan masuk sarang berkorelasi positif (sedang) dengan suhu udara dan intensitas cahaya, tetapi berkorelasi negatif (sedang) dengan kelembapan relatif

Laju Enkapsulasi Parasitoid Anagyrus Lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) oleh Kutu Putih Singkong Phenacoccus Manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) didatangkan ke Indonesia pada awal tahun 2014 untuk mengendalikan kutu putih singkong, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Penelitian bertujuan mempelajari laju enkapsulasi parasitoid A. lopezi oleh berbagai instar P. manihoti. Pengamatan laju enkapsulasi dilakukan dengan memaparkan seekor parasitoid betina yang telah kawin pada kutu putih nimfa-1, -2, -3, dan imago didalam tabung mika selama 24 jam. Kutu putih kemudian dibedah dan diamati banyaknya telur parasitoid yang diletakkan serta yang terenkapsulasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan laju enkapsulasi agregat paling tinggi dilakukan oleh imago, yaitu 8,4%, diikuti oleh nimfa-3 (5,8%), nimfa-2 (3,1%), dan nimfa-1 (1,1%). Laju enkapsulasi efektif oleh imago 2,0%, sedangkan oleh nimfa sekitar 1,0%. Laju enkapsulasi yang rendah ini diyakini tidak akan mengurangi keefektifan parasitoid A. lopezi dalam pengendalian hayati kutu putih singkong P. manihoti di Indonesia

Pengujian Kekhususan Inang Parasitoid Anagyrus Lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) Pada Empat Spesies Kutu Putih Yang Berasosiasi Dengan Tanaman Singkong

A parasitoid, Anagyrus lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was introduced from Thailand into Indonesia in early 2014 to control the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). To determine its potential uses and effect on non-target species, behavioural observation of the parasitoids were made on four species of mealybugs, i.e. P. manihoti, Paracoccus marginatus Williams-Granara de Willink, Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel-Miller, and Ferrisia virgata Cockerell (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). For that purposes, a set of tests were conducted wich includes host susceptability, preference, and suitability. Tests were conducted by exposing a female parasitoid to 3rd instar nymphs of each mealybug species in a petri dish. For susceptability test, parasitoid A. lopezi encounterend P. manihoti more often (13.70 ± 7.18 visits per 30 minutes) as compared to P. marginatus (985 ± 10.24), P. jackbeardsleyi (6.60 ± 3.62), and F. virgata (5.75 ± 4.09). So did ovipositor probing occurred more on P. manihoti (8.20 ± 5.68 probes per 30 minutes) than on P. marginatus (0.70 ± 1.84), P. jackbeardsleyi (0.35 ± 0.68), and F. virgata (0.10 ± 0.45). For preference test, host encounter and ovipositor probing by the parasitoid were more common on P. manihoti as opposed to other mealybug species. Out of four mealybug species tested, P. manihoti was the only suitable host for parasitoid development, with the number of progenies emerged 7.40 ± 2.17 individuals per 3 female parasitoids exposed in 24 hour. Host specifity exhibited by parasitoid A. lopezi may prevent adverse effect to other mealybug species inhabiting cassava fields

Trips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Yang Berasosiasi Dengan Tanaman Hortikultura Di Jawa Barat Dan Kunci Identifikasi Jenis

Most of thrips from Thripidae family are pests on horticultural crops. To date, there are no records in the species richness of thrips in horticultural crops. The aim of the research is to conduct inventory on thrips spp diversity that are associated with horticultural crops in West Java. Sampling were done in several horticultural crops areas in Bogor, Cianjur, and Lembang (West Bandung). The identification process began with sample slide preparations along with the documentation of the character from each species. The identification was done mainly by using the identification program Oztrips and some other published identification keys. Identification key was built based on diagnosis characters of each species. The results found there were 15 species, that are Ceratothripoides brunneus, C. revelatus, Frankliniella intonsa, Megalurothrips typicus, M. usitatus, Scirtothrips dorsalis, Thrips aspinus, T. coloratus, T. hawaiiensis, T. javanicus, T. malloti, T. palmi, T. parvispinus, T. sumatrensis, and T. unispinus. T. aspinus and C. revelatus were new record for Indonesia

Biologi dan Neraca Hayati Kutu Putih Pepaya Paracoccus Marginatus Williams & Granara De Willink (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) pada Tiga Jenis Tumbuhan Inang

Biology and life table of papaya mealybug Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on three host plant species. The papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), has been considered as a new invasive pest causing heavy damage on papaya in Indonesia since 2008. The pest is polyphagous with more than 55 host plant species. Study was conducted in laboratory with the objectives to determine developmental biology and life table parameters of the mealybug feeding on papaya, physic nut, and cassava leaves. Host plant species affected papaya mealybug performances. Egg stage lasted 7.25, 8.09, and 9.86 d on papaya, physic nut, and cassava, respectively. The shortest female nymphal developmental time was on papaya (18.91 d) and the longest on cassava (32.45 d). Longevity of adult males ranged from 1.09-2.85 d while females 12.29-14.93 d. When the mealybugs were reared on a seedling, the fecundity was higher on papaya (324.6) than those on physic nut (186.6) and cassava (157.5). No egg production occurred in virgin females. The sex ratio of P. marginatus favoured females, which comprised about 90% of population on papaya and cassava. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was significantly different among hosts, with the highest rate (0.117 female offspring/female/d) on papaya, followed by physic nut (0.079) and cassava (0.057). The maximum values of rmalong with net reproductive rate (Ro) and finite rate of increase(λ), and the shortest mean generation time (T) and doubling time (Dt) on papaya, indicating that papaya was the more favorable host plant for P.marginatus

Kutudaun (Hemiptera: Aphididae) pada Gulma di Sekitar Lahan Pertanian di Jawa Barat Beserta Kunci Identifikasinya

Kutudaun (Hemiptera: Aphididae) merupakan hama penting pada tanaman budi daya. Sebagian besar kutudaun berperan sebagai hama dan vektor virus penyakit tanaman, terutama pada tanaman hortikultura. Gulma yang tumbuh di sekitar tanaman budi daya dapat berperan sebagai alternatif inang bagi kutudaun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui spesies kutudaun yang berasosiasi pada gulma di sekitar tanaman budi daya di Jawa Barat dan membuat kunci untuk identifikasi. Kutudaun yang diidentifikasi berasal dari 13 spesies (5 famili) gulma di 9 kabupaten atau kota di Jawa Barat. Identifikasi kutudaun dilakukan berdasarkan karakter morfologi imago kutudaun. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kutudaun yang ditemukan berasosiasi dengan gulma di sekitar tanaman budi daya di Jawa Barat ada 12 spesies. Tiga di antara 12 spesies kutudaun yang ditemukan itu, belum pernah dilaporkan keberadaannya di Jawa Barat. Ketiga spesies itu, ialah Epameibaphis frigidae (Oestlund), Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker), dan Pseudaphis sijui (Eastop). Spesies kutudaun yang paling banyak ditemukan ialah Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) yang hidup di gulma Eleusine indica (rumput belulang)