Triple quadrupole liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry–mediated evaluation of vitamin D₂ accumulation potential, antioxidant capacities, and total polyphenol content of white jelly mushroom (<i>Tremella fuciformis</i> Berk.)

Tremella fuciformis Berk. (TF), or the white jelly mushroom, is well known for its myriad of pharmacological properties, such as immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antitumor, and antioxidant activities, and hypocholesterolemic and hepatoprotective effects that boost human health. Most of the studies of TF are concentrated on its polysaccharide (glucuronoxylomannan) composition, which is responsible for its pharmacological as well as rheological properties. It is well established that mushrooms are a great source of dietary vitamin D due to the presence of ergosterol in their cell membrane. There is a lack of published data on TF as a source of vitamin D2. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the vitamin D2 composition of the fruiting bodies of TF using triple quadrupole liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS/QQQ). The results showed highest vitamin D2 content (292.02 µg/g dry weight) in the sample irradiated with ultraviolet B (UVB; 310 nm) for 180 min as compared with the control group (52.47 µg/g dry weight) (P ≤ 0.001). The results showed higher accumulation potential of vitamin D2 in TF as compared with published data available for other extensively studied culinary mushrooms, such as Agaricus bisporus, Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, Cordiceps militaris, and Calocybe indica. Moreover, the impact of UV treatment on antioxidant capacities and total polyphenol content of TF was also studied. The accumulation potential of vitamin D in TF reveals a novel commercial source for this nutrient.</p

Antagonostic activity of fluorescent pseudomonads against phytopathogenic fungi. Activity was monitored on the basis of inhibition zone.

<p>Means within a column sharing same superscript are not significantly different according to Turkey’s test at p = 0.05; ± means standard deviation (SD) and - means no activity.</p><p>Antagonostic activity of fluorescent pseudomonads against phytopathogenic fungi. Activity was monitored on the basis of inhibition zone.</p

Community Profiling of Culturable Fluorescent Pseudomonads in the Rhizosphere of Green Gram (<i>Vigna radiata</i> L.)

<div><p>Study on microbial diversity in the unexplored rhizosphere is important to understand their community structure, biology and ecological interaction with the host plant. This research assessed the genetic and functional diversity of fluorescent pseudomonads [FP] in the green gram rhizophere. One hundred and twenty types of morphologically distinct fluorescent pseudomonads were isolated during vegetative as well as reproductive growth phase of green gram. Rep PCR, ARDRA and RISA revealed two distinct clusters in each case at 75, 61 and 70% similarity coefficient index respectively. <i>16S rRNA</i> partial sequencing analysis of 85 distantly related fluorescent pseudomonads depicted <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> as the dominant group. Out of 120 isolates, 23 (19%) showed antagonistic activity towards phytopathogenic fungi. These bacterial isolates showed varied production of salicylic acid, HCN and chitinase, 2, 4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG), phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) and pyoluteorin (PLT). Production efficiency of inherent level of plant growth promoting (PGP) traits among the 120 isolates demonstrated that 10 (8%) solubilised inorganic phosphates, 25 (20%) produced indoles and 5 (4%) retained ACC deaminase activity. <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> GGRJ21 showed the highest production of all antagonistic and plant growth promoting (PGP) traits. In a greenhouse experiment, GGRJ21 suppressed root rot disease of green gram by 28–93% (p = 0.05). Consistent up regulation of three important stress responsive genes, i.e., <i>acdS</i>, <i>KatA</i> and <i>gbsA</i> and elevated production efficiency of different PGP traits could promote GGRJ21 as a potent plant growth regulator.</p></div

Phylogenetic analyses of fluorescent pseudomonads based on the nucleotide sequence of <i>16S rRNA</i>.

<p>The multiple sequence alignment was done in CLUSTALW program embedded in MEGA version 5.10. The pair-wise evolutionary distances were calculated using Kimura-2 parameter model. The phylogenetic tree was constructed by Neighbor-Joining (NJ) method with 1000 replicates using bootstrap. A total of 5 reference fluorescent pseudomonad strains were used for the tree construction. Bar, .0.005 shows the substitutions per nucleotide position.</p

Relative gene expression level of, a) <i>acdS</i>, b) <i>katA</i> and c) <i>gbsA</i> in <i>P</i>. <i>aeruginosa</i> (GGRJ21) growing in different osmotic stress condition.

<p>A-GGRJ 21 grown in normal NB medium, B-GGRJ21 grown in –0.3<b> </b>mPA, C-GGRJ21 grown in 0.49<b> </b>mPA and D-GGRJ21 grown in –0.73<b> </b>mPA.</p

Effect of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> GGRJ21 on root rot disease suppression of green gram during infection with <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i>.

<p>Means within a column sharing same superscript are not significantly different according to Turkey’s test at p = 0.05; ± means standard deviation (SD).</p><p>Effect of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> GGRJ21 on root rot disease suppression of green gram during infection with <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i>.</p

Primers for real time PCR: sequences, final concentration, product size, T_m and Efficiency of PCR amplification.

<p>T_m means melting temperature; ±SD means standard deviation of the mean value.</p><p>Primers for real time PCR: sequences, final concentration, product size, T_m and Efficiency of PCR amplification.</p

Effect on different growth parameters of chilli seedlings treated with <i>Streptomyces</i> sp. 34 (BPSAC34) and <i>Leifsonia xyli</i> 24 (BPSAC24) in greenhouse pot trials within 30 and 45 d.

<p>Data presented are mean ± SE from three replicates: Each replica consisted of three plants per jar. Means are significantly different from control at P = 0.05 (Tukey test).</p><p>Effect on different growth parameters of chilli seedlings treated with <i>Streptomyces</i> sp. 34 (BPSAC34) and <i>Leifsonia xyli</i> 24 (BPSAC24) in greenhouse pot trials within 30 and 45 d.</p

Field emission gun-scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM) micrographs of (A) <i>Streptomyces</i> sp. (BPSAC34) and (B) <i>Leifsonia xyli</i> (BPSAC24) showing spore chain morphology.

<p>Field emission gun-scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM) micrographs of (A) <i>Streptomyces</i> sp. (BPSAC34) and (B) <i>Leifsonia xyli</i> (BPSAC24) showing spore chain morphology.</p

PCR amplification of (A) <i>iaa</i>M gene and (B) <i>chi</i>C gene for endophytic actinomycetes isolates. M: low range (100bp -3 kb) molecular marker; N: negative control; numerical numbers represents different isolates.

<p>PCR amplification of (A) <i>iaa</i>M gene and (B) <i>chi</i>C gene for endophytic actinomycetes isolates. M: low range (100bp -3 kb) molecular marker; N: negative control; numerical numbers represents different isolates.</p