Bacillus cereus nositelj plazmida pXO1 s genom pag uzrokuje u goveda s oslabljenim imunosnim sustavom smrtonosnu septikemiju sličnu bedrenici - kratko priopćenje.

Bacillus cereus is ubiquitous in nature and while most isolates appear to be harmless, some are associated with food-borne illnesses, wound infections, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, endophthalmitis and urinary tract infections in humans. Recently, a few isolates have been identified as the causative agents of anthrax-like severe pneumonia in humans, and these isolates were found to harbor most of the B. anthracis virulence plasmid pXO1. Here we report the characterization of three clinical B. cereus isolates recovered from heart blood and spleen samples of cattle which had died with ‘anthrax like’ symptoms. Apart from the cultural characterizations, primers targeting the 16S rRNA gene of B. cereus were designed and used on these isolates. The isolates were found to harbor the pXO1 plasmid and lacked pXO2 plasmid. Further characterization of the pXO1 plasmid revealed that the isolates contained pag, lef and cya genes, which code for protective antigen, lethal factor and edema factor toxins responsible for eliciting an ‘anthrax like disease’ in cattle. The sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of partial pag gene sequences of B. cereus isolates were identical to pag gene sequences on the pXO1 of B. anthracis. In a pathogenicity test on mice, B. cereus isolates, when inoculated by the intra peritoneal route, caused mortality of the mice within 6 hours post inoculation.Bacillus cereus je posvudašnja bakterija. Većina izolata te bakterije je neškodljiva, a neki mogu uzrokovati bolesti koje se prenose hranom, infekcije rana, endokarditis, osteomijelitis, endoftalmitis i infekcije mokraćnog sustava u ljudi. Nedavno je identificirano nekoliko izolata koji uzrokuju tešku upalu pluća u čovjeka sličnu onoj kod bedrenice. Ti izolati većinom nose virulentni plazmid pXO1 vrste B. anthracis. U ovom radu određena su obilježja triju kliničkih izolata vrste B. cereus izdvojenih iz krvi sadržane u srcu i uzoraka slezene goveda uginulih pod znakovima sličnima bedrenici. Osim određivanja kulturalnih obilježja, pripremljene su i početnice za gen 16S rRNA vrste B. cereus koje su bile rabljene za identifikaciju izolata. Ustanovljeno je da izolati nose plazmid pXO1, a nedostaje im plazmid pXO2. Daljnja karakterizacija plazmida pXO1 pokazala je da izolati sadrže gene pag, lef i cya koji kodiraju za zaštitni antigen, letalni čimbenik i edemski čimbenik, toksine koji su odgovorni za pojavu bolesti u goveda slične bedrenici. Određivanje slijeda i filogenetska analiza dijela sekvencija gena pag izolata B. cereus pokazala je da su oni istovjetni sekvencijama gena pag na pXO1 bakterije B. anthracis. U testu patogenosti na miševima, izolati B. cereus prouzročili su njihovo uginuće šest sati nakon intraperitonejske inokulacije

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Not AvailableClassical swine fever (CSF) is a fatal disease of pigs world wide which is endemic in India and classified as a notifiable disease by the World Organization for Animal Health. The genome of classical swine fever virus (CSFV), comprises four structural (C, Ems, El and E2) and eight non-structural (Npro, p7, NS2, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A and NS5B) proteins. Monocytes, in peripheral blood and macrophages in the various lymphoid organs, are its major targets. CSF disease is characterized by haemorrhagic fever and immunosuppression with generalized leukopenia including lymphopenia and granulocytopenia. CSFV Npro limits type I interferon induction in various cells by interacting with interferon regulatory factor 7. CSFV causes inhibition of nitric oxide production in infected macrophages and attenuation of nitric oxide bioavailability in vascular endothelial cells. CSFV infection produces enhanced reactive oxygen species production and induces oxidative stress. CSFV-infected pigs are largely affected by apoptosis in the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow and peripheral blood. Majority ofinfected cells were non apoptotic, but the apoptotic cells are primarily non-infected. CSFV NS2 protein inhibits cellular proliferation by the induction ofcell cycle arrest at S-phase which is beneficial for CSFV viral replication. After CSF infection in peripheral blood leukocytes 1745 genes showed altered expression. The proteins which show altered expression in PBMC after infection with CSFV includes cytoskeleton, protein translation and processing, heat-shock response, blood clotting and anti-oxidative stress proteins. Thestudy ofthese different molecular mechanisms involved in pathogenesis of CSFV may assist in the development of new antiviral therapies as well as innovative diagnostic methods.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableA study was conducted on isolation and confirmation of leptospira canicola from the aborted bovine foetus. Out of the 24 aborted bovine samples subjected for isolation, one sample has yielded the growth after two weeks of inoculation. The conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using G1G2 and LipL32 primers have shown the amplicon size of 285 bp and 756 bp respectively. The positive PCR sample/isolate was confirmed as serogroup canicola by subjecting it to “O” gene specific cluster multiplex PCR with an amplicon size of 341bp.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableInfectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), a contagious viral disease caused by Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1). BoHV-1, belongs to the family Herpesviridae under newly carvedorder Herpesvirales. BoHV-1 is characterized by relatively large host range, short replication cycle and the ability to induce latent infection mainly, but not exclusively, in neurons. All BoHV-1 strains isolated hitherto belong to one single viral species, and are classified in three subtypes BoHV-1.1, BoHV-1.2a and BoHV-1.2b. Most BoHV-1.1 strains have been isolated from respiratory tract affections or abortion cases and BoHV-1.2 strains from genital organ lesions.IBR causes significant losses due to disease and trading restriction in the cattle industry (OIE, 2010). The first report of BoHV-1 in India was by Mehrotra and co-workers in 1976 and by the adaption of crossbreeding policy to augment the milk production resulted in the unhindered transmission of the virus, which has taken mammoth strides to spread to 31% of Indian cattle in 1996 to 42% in 2012 with an overall prevalence of 36% on cumulative study. Present paper summarises the current status of disease prevalence and relevant measures that should be adopted for control of the IBR with special reference to India.Not Availabl

Development of polymerase chain reaction for detection of predominant streptococcal isolates causing subclinical bovine mastitis

208-212Bovine mastitis is the most important source of loss for the growing dairy industry. Streptococci, with special reference to Streptococcus agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae and S. uberis, are the predominant pathogens causing bovine mastitis. A rapid, sensitive and specific test for the detection of these pathogens needs to be developed. To accomplish this, initially 163 milk samples were collected from various organized and unorganized sectors in and around Bangalore, India. These milk samples were screened for subclinical mastitis by somatic cell counting (SSC) and electro conduction (EC). Of these, 131 samples selected based on SCC and EC values were subjected for isolation of the organisms. Two sets of specific primers, targeting streptococcal 16S rRNA gene were designed for detection of S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae and S. uberis. The results of the study showed S. agalactiae as the predominant streptococci among the generally identified streptococcal species associated with subclinical bovine mastitis in dairy cattle in and around Bangalore. </span

Genotyping by ERIC-PCR of <i style="">Escherichia coli</i> isolated from bovine mastitis cases<b style=""></b>

298-301Mastitis is an important problem in dairy farms and pathogen Escherichia coli has a world-wide importance. In the present study, authors have shown that E. coli strains isolated from bovine mastitis cases could be differentiated using a PCR with enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequences (ERIC) primers. In all, 40 strains of E. coli from bovine mastitis cases were subjected for ERIC-PCR. Of these, 37 showed amplicons ranging from 350 to &gt;3000 bp. The PCR profile generated showed polymorphism in 37 strains. An intense amplicon of 1300 bp was seen in all the strains, except E. coli O27 (code M10) and O69 (M33). Based on ERIC-PCR profiles, of 37 E. coli strains, 22 were found to be distributed among 4 genotypes, whereas each of the remaining 15 strains showed unique genotypic pattern. The study emphasizes the utility of ERIC-PCR in intraserotype differentiation of strains based on their genotype and, thus, it is complimentary to serotyping. Furthermore, it was possible to differentiate strains of the same serotype into different genotypes. PCR amplification with ERIC primers was a fast and reliable method for differentiation and identification of E. coli strains. The advantage of this method compared to serotyping is the fact that different genotypes could be found even in strains within the same serotype or in untypable strain

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Not AvailableA study was conducted to understand the current scenario of Classical swine fever (CSF) disease in Karnataka. Serum samples were collected from 517 pigs from 20 different districts of Karnataka and were tested for the presence of CSF antibodies. The prevalence of CSF antibodies from serum samples for the whole of Karnataka was 33% (173/517) in 20 districts. The southern Karnataka has the highest prevalence, which confirms the endemicity of the disease in that region and lowest prevalence in the northern Karnataka region. This is the first report that describes the seroepidemiology of CSF from Karnataka.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableIn this study, 225 milk samples were collected sequentially during 1st to 88th day from 25 HF cross cows in an organized farm. First five collections were obtained at a weekly interval (1,7,14,21 and 28 days) and later, fortnightly for two months (43, 58, 73 and 88 days). These milk samples were screened for Subclinical mastitis (SCM) by Somatic Cell Count (SCC). Further, multiplex-PCR for detection of S.aureus, E.coli, S.agalactiae, S.dysgalactiae and S.uberis was employed to detect the major bacterial pathogens. The SCM positivity was assessed based on criteria of SCC ≥ 500,000 cells /ml. The study revealed the high prevalence of variable SCM pattern in milking cows by SCC (73.33 %) in sequentially collected milk samples over a period of 88 days. No specific pattern of prevalence of SCM was observed during the study period. The prevalence of SCM was not influenced by the stage of lactation. In all the stages of lactation and age groups S. aureus, Streptococci and E.coli were detected with the predominance of S. aureus. The varied distribution of organisms in different stages of lactation did not influence the prevalence of SCM. Further, the high prevalence of SCM was noticed in aged cows. Among these, maximum number of milk samples (46 %, 52/113) revealing the presence of pathogens were obtained from cows in the age group 7-11 years. The multiplex PCR was found an easy and rapid method to detect the predominant pathogens causing SCM. The findings emphasize the need to control SCM through sequential monitoring of SCM through SCC, multiplex-PCR and proper managemental practices.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableSheep and goat brucellosis caused by Brucella melitensis, one of the most virulent Brucella species accounting for economic losses through abortion, stillbirths, reduction of milk yield and infertility. Disease has wide socioeconomic impact, in countries where, livestock sector is the major source of rural income. Early diagnosis is essential to minimise the spread of the disease besides public health importance. The present study reports the isolation, identification, biotyping and molecular confirmation of Brucella spp. in 18 different sheep and goat farms in Karnataka suspected to have brucellosis. A total of 550 serum samples, 25 aborted foetuses, uterine discharges and placental tissues were collected. The serum samples were subjected to Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and Competitive ELISA (c-ELISA). The clinical samples were processed for cultural isolation on Brucella Agar Media with selective antibiotic supplements. A total of 200 (36.36%) and 260 (47.27 %) serum samples were positive by RBPT and c-ELISA, respectively, further 195 (35.45 %) of them being positive by both the tests. Five Brucella isolates were recovered from 100 clinical samples. The isolates were characterized to their species by growing them on Brucella specific medium, biochemical reactions, CO2 requirement, H2S production, agglutination with A and M mono-specific antiserum, dye sensitivity to basic fuchsin and thionin. Further, molecular confirmation of the isolates was done by amplification of B. melitensis 16S (rRNA) sequence analysis by genus specific PCR and species specific IS711 repetitive DNA fragment by Brucella AMOS PCR. The present study envisages seroprevalence of at least 35.45 per cent and isolation rate of 25 per cent for B. melitensis warranting the need for institution of strict control measures.Not Availabl