Factors Influencing Job Satisfaction of Employees in Telecom Sector of Pakistan

The telecom industry plays an important role in the underpinning of a country’s economy. This study is aimed at getting a clearer view of the level of satisfaction of the employees in various telecom companies. The main concerns are the relative importance and need of different job satisfaction factors and how they contribute to the overall satisfaction of the employees. Another field of focus is the impact of different things, such as experience, age and sex on job satisfaction. The results deduced represent employee relations, salary, fringe supervision, and efficiency as the most important factors influencing job satisfaction. It was seen that job satisfaction was good in telecommunication companies This paper was utilized in understanding the importance of the environment in which the employees work, pay, fairness, promotion, job security, supervisors, and co-worker relationships and their effect on job satisfaction. All telecom companies Ufone, Zong, Telenor, Warid telecom, Pakistan Telecommunication and Mobilink were visited to collected data. Data was quantitatively collected through close-ended questionnaires with a sample size of 200 telecom sector employees. Data was analyzed through correlation and multiple regression using SPSS software and results were significant. The overall job satisfaction of the employees in the telecom sector is at the positive level. Hence, this research was mainly undertaken to investigate on the significance of factors such as working conditions, pay and promotion, job security, fairness, relationship with co-workers and supervisors in affecting the job satisfaction. This paper presents a comprehensive diagnosis of job satisfaction indices of telecom sector, the factors causing the dissatisfaction & suggestions to improve them. Keywords: Job Satisfaction, Job Dissatisfaction, employees, telecom sector, Pakistan

Functional and radiological outcome of osteosynthesis using proximal femoral nail antirotation II system in intertrochanteric femoral fractures

Background: Intertrochanteric fractures are relatively common injuries in adults and a common source of morbidity and mortality among the elderly. Incidence of fractures is increasing because the general life expectancy of the population has increased significantly during the past few decades. Stable fixation and early mobilization is needed in these fractures to reduce the morbidity and mortality. Extra-medullary implants are biomechanically inferior in these cases. The proximal femoral nail antirotation-II (PFNA-II) is an intra-medullary nail system designed for such fractures. The purpose of this study was to assess the results and complications of PFNA-II in intertrochanteric femur fractures.Methods: After seeking approval from institutional Ethical committee, this study was conducted on 30 patients attending our emergency department with intertrochanteric femur fractures at SKIMS Medical College Hospital Bemina, Srinagar from February 2018 to June 2019. The patients were treated with proximal femoral nail antirotation-II. Follow up was done at 2, 6, 12 and 24 weeks.  The functional outcome was assessed at 6 months follow up using the Harris Hip Score.Results: Based on the Harris hip score, 18 (60%) patients had excellent results, 10 (33%) had good results and 2 (7%) had Fair results. None of the patients had poor result. Average time to union was 12.27 weeks.Conclusions: This study found the PFNA-II to be a versatile, easy to use and dependable implant for stable as well as unstable intertrochanteric fractures. PFNA II is distinct advance over the previous methods of treatment, though it has an initial learning curve

INHERITED GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO BREAST CANCER IN PAKISTAN

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease. Several genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors are involved in the aetiology of this disease. Genetic risk factors include alterations (mutations) in genes conferring risks to develop breast cancer. Depending on the associated lifetime risks of this malignancy, these genes are categorised into high-, moderate- and low-risk genes. Women carrying mutations in these genes are at an increased risk to develop breast cancer, ovarian cancer and several other malignancies. Breast carcinoma is the most reported malignancy in Pakistani females. Pakistan is a developing country with most of its population living in rural areas; hence, optimal healthcare facilities are inadequate for the early diagnosis and prevention of this disease. Hence, identification of individuals carrying mutations is clinically relevant as different strategies are available for the early detection, risk reduction and better management of this malignancy. This review summarises the findings of the major studies conducted in Pakistan to investigate the contribution of breast cancer predisposing genes. Furthermore, implications of the current studies and future research potentials are discussed.Key words: Breast cancer gene 1/2, breast cancer, checkpoint kinase 2, genetic susceptibility, Pakistan, RAD51C, tumour Protein p53, Vitamin D recepto

Skeletal Keypoint-Based Transformer Model for Human Action Recognition in Aerial Videos

Several efforts have been made to develop effective and robust vision-based solutions for human aerial action recognition. Generally, the existing methods rely on the extraction of either spatial features (patch-based methods) or skeletal key points (pose-based methods) that are fed to a classifier. The pose-based methods are generally regarded to be more robust to background changes and computationally efficient. Moreover, at the classification stage, the use of deep networks has generated significant interest within the community; however, the need remains to develop accurate and computationally effective deep learning-based solutions. To this end, this paper proposes a lightweight Transformer network-based method for human action recognition in aerial videos using the skeletal keypoints extracted with YOLOv8. The effectiveness of the proposed method is shown on a well-known public dataset containing 13 action classes, achieving very encouraging performance in terms of accuracy and computational cost as compared to several existing related methods

Optimiranje podloge za pojačanu proizvodnju glukoamilaze fermentacijom na krutoj podlozi s pomoću gljive Fusarium solani

Solid-state cultivation of Fusarium solani was carried out for enhanced production of glucoamylase (GA) using different substrates like wheat bran, rice bran, green gram bran, black gram bran and maize bran. The SSF medium containing wheat bran as a substrate yielded the highest enzyme activity. The physical and chemical parameters were optimized. Maximum enzyme activity (61.35±3.69) U/g of dry wheat bran was achieved under optimum growth conditions. The optimum conditions were fructose as carbon and energy additive 1 % (by mass), urea as nitrogen additive 1 % (by mass), initial moisture content of solid substrate 70 % (by mass per volume), incubation period 96 h, inoculum size 15 % (by mass per volume) having 10^6–10^7 spores/mL, incubation temperature (35±1) °C and pH=5.0. It was further observed that the addition of surfactants caused a decrease in enzyme biosynthesis by F. solani in SSF of wheat bran under optimum process conditions.Uzgojem gljive Fusarium solani fermentacijom na krutoj podlozi povećana je proizvodnja glukoamilaze (GA) primjenom različitih supstrata kao što su pšenične i rižine posije, te posije zelene soje, crne soje i kukuruza. Najveća aktivnost enzima dobivena je uporabom podloge od pšeničnih posija. Optimirani su fizikalni i kemijski parametri i pri optimalnim uvjetima rasta postignuta je maksimalna aktivnost enzima od (61,35±3,69) U/g suhih pšeničnih posija. Optimalni uvjeti bili su: 1 % (m/V) fruktoze kao izvora ugljika i energije, 1 % (m/m) uree kao izvora dušika, 70 % (m/V) početnog udjela vlage u krutoj podlozi, vrijeme inkubacije u trajanju od 96 h, 15 % inokuluma (m/V) s 10^6-10^7 spora/mL, temperatura inkubacije (35±1) °C i pH=5,0. Dodatkom površinski aktivnih tvari smanjila se biosinteza enzima proizvedenog fermentacijom pri optimalnim uvjetima na podlozi od pšeničnih posija s pomoću gljive F. solani

The Potential Short- and Long-Term Disruptions and Transformative Impacts of 5G and Beyond Wireless Networks: Lessons Learnt from the Development of a 5G Testbed Environment

The capacity and coverage requirements for 5 th generation (5G) and beyond wireless connectivity will be significantly different from the predecessor networks. To meet these requirements, the anticipated deployment cost in the United Kingdom (UK) is predicted to be between £30bn and £50bn, whereas the current annual capital expenditure (CapEX) of the mobile network operators (MNOs) is £2.5bn. This prospect has vastly impacted and has become one of the major delaying factors for building the 5G physical infrastructure, whereas other areas of 5G are progressing at their speed. Due to the expensive and complicated nature of the network infrastructure and spectrum, the second-tier operators, widely known as mobile virtual network operators (MVNO), are entirely dependent on the MNOs. In this paper, an extensive study is conducted to explore the possibilities of reducing the 5G deployment cost and developing viable business models. In this regard, the potential of infrastructure, data, and spectrum sharing is thoroughly investigated. It is established that the use of existing public infrastructure (e.g., streetlights, telephone poles, etc.) has a potential to reduce the anticipated cost by about 40% to 60%. This paper also reviews the recent Ofcom initiatives to release location-based licenses of the 5G-compatible radio spectrum. Our study suggests that simplification of infrastructure and spectrum will encourage the exponential growth of scenario-specific cellular networks (e.g., private networks, community networks, micro-operators) and will potentially disrupt the current business models of telecommunication business stakeholders - specifically MNOs and TowerCos. Furthermore, the anticipated dense device connectivity in 5G will increase the resolution of traditional and non-traditional data availability significantly. This will encourage extensive data harvesting as a business opportunity and function within small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) as well as large social networks. Consequently, the rise of new infrastructures and spectrum stakeholders is anticipated. This will fuel the development of a 5G data exchange ecosystem where data transactions are deemed to be high-value business commodities. The privacy and security of such data, as well as definitions of the associated revenue models and ownership, are challenging areas - and these have yet to emerge and mature fully. In this direction, this paper proposes the development of a unified data hub with layered structured privacy and security along with blockchain and encrypted off-chain based ownership/royalty tracking. Also, a data economy-oriented business model is proposed. The study found that with the potential commodification of data and data transactions along with the low-cost physical infrastructure and spectrum, the 5G network will introduce significant disruption in the Telco business ecosystem