Evaluation of Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke on Computed Tomography

The stroke is the 3rd leading cause of death in Pakistan, wherein back in 2009, stroke used to be the 4th leading cause of death in Pakistan, a 19.2% increase is alarming (IHME, 2019). Ischemic stroke occurs 75-80 percent of the time, while hemorrhagic stroke occurs 8-20 percent of the time. The objective of our study is to evaluate the frequency and ratio of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke on computed tomography. A Descriptive study was performed using non-probability convenient sampling technique. The study was conducted in Lahore General Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. The data was collected from November 15, 2020 to February 15, 2021. Informed consent was taken from all the participants. In our study patients with provisional diagnose of clot or thrombosis, History of Ischemic Stroke, History of Hemorrhagic Stroke, patients who came with clinical manifestation of stroke, traumatic or Road Traffic Accidents (RTA) patients, patients with cerebral Transient Ischemic Stroke. Arterial Puncture in Last 7 days, patients with Active bleeding, peroneal nerve injuryand patients who have been injected Botulinum Toxic Injection in last 3 months were included in our study. Patients who had a previous history of Parkinson disease, patients not having any apparent cause or chronic or acute symptoms of stroke, no history of internal bleeding, patients with chronic cerebral disease and patients with other neurological defects were excluded.A total of 85 patients with Stroke were included in our study. Most of the patients were 40 to 65 years of age. The average age of the patients was 59.5 ± 11.1 years. Out of 85 there were 38.8% (P=33) positive with H/O Infarction females (P=11) and males (P=22 ) 55 (62.5%) were males and 33 (37.5%) were females with 1.62: 1 male to female ratio as shown in Fig 5.2. Ischemic stroke was observed in 33 (36.2%) patients and 40 (47.3%) were suffered hemorrhagic stroke and 12 (14.4%) patients were affected with TIA.The conclusion to this study is that to assess early stroke with extreme clarity, computed tomography is the safest modality for evaluating stroke patients and allows radiologists to more accurately assess these patients on CT in terms of prognosis, frequency, morbidity, and legitimacy. Keywords: Stroke, Hemorrhagic Stroke, Ischemic Stroke, Cerebral Infarction, Computed Tomography DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/90-06 Publication date:June 30th 202

The Ontological (In)security of Similarity: Wahhabism versus Islamism in Saudi Foreign Policy

It has long been argued that identity matters in international relations. Yet, how identity impacts enmity and conflict among states remains the subject of debate. The existing literature asserts that differences in identity can be a source of conflict, whereas convergence and similarity lead to cooperation. Nevertheless, empirical evidence from the Middle East has long defied this hypothesis. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, which prides itself on being an Islamic model and claims Islamic leadership, has opposed the rise to power of Islamist movements in the Middle East. To address this paradox, this article builds on the growing literature on ontological security to propose a theoretical framework explaining how similarity can generate anxiety and identity risks. This framework, I argue, moves beyond traditional regime‐security approaches to reveal that security is not only physical but also ontological. I then illustrate the argument through a comparison of Saudi identity risks in the wake of the Iranian revolution (1979) and the ascendance of the Muslim Brotherhood to power in Egypt (2012). Ultimately, these cases provide intriguing insights into foreign policy behaviour during critical situations