ANOVA Modeling on Sintering Parameters and Frequencies, Affecting Microstructure and Dielectric Constant of Nb Doped BaTiO3

AbstractProperties of barium titanate (BaTiO3) which is used as a dielectric material can be engineered if it is doped with metal ions such as niobium, tantalum, zirconium etc. Moreover both sintering temperature and doping level have significant effects on grain size as well as density which directly affect the dielectric constant of the material. In this work in order to generate the significance of variables a statistical modeling by ANOVA, analysis of variance has been performed on sintering parameters and frequencies effecting microstructure and dielectric constant of Nb doped BaTiO3 having a formula of BaTi1-xNbxO3 ; x= 0.004, 0.008. After processing and characterization of the prepared material, it was evident that sintering temperature has stronger effect than doping level of Nb in determining the density of niobium doped BaTiO3 whereas Nb concentration has stronger effect in determining the grain size over sintering temperature which was clearly established in ANOVA. Furthermore, effect of frequencies in determining dielectric constant of BaTiO3 was strongly observed when it was modelled with holding time during sintering

Adverse Drug Reactions in Children - International Surveillance and Evaluation (ADVISE) A Multicentre Cohort Study

Background: A previous meta-analysis reported that 9.5 of hospitalized children suffered from an adverse drug reaction (ADR); however, reported incidences among studies varied. Objective: To enhance the knowledge of ADRs in paediatric hospitalized patients at a global level we investigated the incidence and characteristics of ADRs in hospitalized children in European and non-European countries. Methods: A prospective observational cohort study was conducted in academic and non-academic hospitals in five countries: Australia, Germany, Hong Kong, Malaysia and the UK. Children aged 0-18 years admitted during a 3-month period (between 1 October 2008 and 31 December 2009) were recruited. The main outcome measures were incidence, causality and outcome of ADRs. Results: A total of 1278 patients (1340 admissions) were included Australia n=146 (149 admissions), Germany n=376 (407), Hong Kong n=143 (149), Malaysia n=300 (314) and the UK n=313 (321). The median age was 2 years (interquartile range TOR 0-7). Patients received a total of 5367 drugs (median 3; IQR 2-5) and median length of hospital stay was 4 days (IQR 3-7). A total of 380 ADRs were identified in 211 patients. The resultant ADR incidence of 16.5% (95% Cl 14.5, 18.7) varied significantly between countries (p<0.001). The highest incidences were observed in Malaysia and the UK. 65.3% (n=248) of A DRs were found to be probable, and 24% of the ADRs were serious, with one being fatal. Conclusions: By comparing data from five countries in Europe, Asia and Australia we have shown that the incidence of ADRs in hospitalized children is at least as high as incidences published in adults. However, the variation between countries was mainly due to different populations and treatment strategies. Particular attention should be given to opioid use in hospitalized children