Interactions suggested by the multivariate SVAR analyses for seven ROIs.

<p>(A) Results of the multivariate first-order structural vector autoregression (SVAR) analysis for the network of seven ROIs using a star model for instantaneous effects of the left rACC (Fig. 5A). (B) Results of a similar SVAR analysis using a star model for instantaneous effects of the left amygdala. For the experimental group (EG), average path coefficients (mean±sem) for the instantaneous effects are depicted in magenta and denoted EG₀, and those for the lagged effects are depicted in red and denoted EG₁. For the control group (CG), average path coefficients for the instantaneous effects are shown in cyan and denoted CG₀, and those for the lagged effects are shown in blue and denoted CG₁.</p

Effects of the rACC on the other six network regions according to the multivariate VAR analysis.

<p>The table contains meta-analytic group values of the VAR path coefficients (<i>α</i>) with the corresponding FDR <i>q</i>-values (in square brackets), as well as group differences in the path coefficients (▵<i>α</i>) with the corresponding uncorrected <i>P</i>-values. The four data columns (A,B,C,D) correspond to the four subplots (A,B,C,D) in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0079184#pone-0079184-g003" target="_blank">Fig. 3</a>.</p>*<p>indicate significant effect.</p

Interactions suggested by the multivariate SVAR analyses for three ROIs.

<p>Results of the multivariate SVAR analyses for the system of three ROIs – the left rACC, the left amygdala, and the right DMPFC – with the models for instantaneous effects depicted in Fig. 5 B,C. (A) Effects that are common to both Model I (Fig. 5B) and Model II (Fig. 5C). (B) Interactions between the left rACC and the left amygdala in the SVAR analysis with Model I (Fig. 5B). (C) Interactions between the left rACC and the left amygdala in the SVAR analysis with Model II (Fig. 5C). Notations are the same as in Fig. 6.</p

Effects of the rACC on the other six network regions suggested by the multivariate VAR analysis.

<p>Average path coefficient values (mean±sem) describing the effects of the left rACC on the other six network regions based on the analysis illustrated in Fig. 3. The results for each of the six experimental runs are shown in red for the experimental group (EG) and in blue for the control group (CG).</p

Trends in the rACC effects on the other six network regions according to the multivariate VAR analysis.

<p>The table contains linear trend <i>t</i>-statistics for the VAR path coefficients across the neurofeedback runs (RE…R3) with the corresponding group <i>P</i>-values. Each data row corresponds to a subplot in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0079184#pone-0079184-g004" target="_blank">Fig. 4</a>. Notations are the same as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0079184#pone-0079184-g004" target="_blank">Fig. 4</a>.</p>*<p>indicate significant effect.</p

Trends in the rACC and amygdala effects according to the multivariate SVAR analyses for three ROIs.

<p>The table contains linear trend <i>t</i>-statistics for the SVAR path coefficients across the neurofeedback runs (RE…R3) with the corresponding group <i>P</i>-values. Each data row corresponds to a subplot in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0079184#pone-0079184-g007" target="_blank">Fig. 7</a>. An empty cell means an absence of the corresponding interaction from a model. Notations are the same as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0079184#pone-0079184-g007" target="_blank">Fig. 7</a>.</p>*<p>indicate significant effect.</p

Trends in the rACC and amygdala effects on the other network regions according to the multivariate SVAR analyses for seven ROIs.

<p>The table contains linear trend <i>t</i>-statistics for the SVAR path coefficients across the six experimental runs (RE…TR) with the corresponding group <i>P</i>-values. Each data row corresponds to a subplot in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0079184#pone-0079184-g006" target="_blank">Fig. 6</a>. Notations are the same as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0079184#pone-0079184-g006" target="_blank">Fig. 6</a>.</p>*<p>indicate significant effect.</p

Interactions within the network suggested by the multivariate VAR analysis.

<p>Results of the multivariate first-order vector autoregression (VAR) analysis for the network of seven ROIs depicted in Fig. 1. The four subplots show meta-analytic group statistics for path coefficients for the following groups and contrasts. (A) Experimental group (EG), neurofeedback Run 3. (B) Control group (CG), Run 3. (C) Difference between Run 3 and Rest for EG. (D) Difference between Run 3 for EG and Run 3 for CG. Red arrows denote augmentation effects (path coefficient α>0), and blue arrows – inhibition effects (path coefficient α<0). In (A) and (B), solid arrows correspond to effects with FDR <i>q</i><0.05, and dotted arrows – to effects with 0.05≤<i>q</i><0.1. In (C) and (D), solid arrows correspond to results with uncorrected <i>P</i><0.05, and dotted arrows – to results with 0.05≤<i>P</i><0.1.</p

Schematics of structural models used in the multivariate SVAR analyses.

<p>(A) An example of a star model for instantaneous effects. A model of this kind was defined for each of the seven ROIs and examined in the multivariate structural vector autoregression (SVAR) analysis. (B,C) Two models for instantaneous effects, Model I and Model II, that provided the best <i>χ</i>² fits to the experimental group data in the SVAR analyses for the system of three ROIs. A total of 24 structural models were optimized and compared for the system consisting of the left amygdala, the left rACC, and the right DMPFC (see text for details).</p

Learned enhancement of control over BOLD activity and emotion induction.

<p>(A) Mean BOLD signal activity of the left amygdala during the rtfMRI neurofeedback (rtfMRI-nf) training for the experimental group (EG). The EG subjects received rtfMRI-nf based on the BOLD activity in the left amygdala ROI. Each bar represents a group average (mean±sem) of percent BOLD signal changes for the Happy Memories condition vs Rest condition for each of the six experimental runs: Rest (RE), Practice (PR), Run 1 (R1), Run 2 (R2), Run 3 (R3), and Transfer (TR). The enhancement in the left amygdala activity (red) was accompanied by increased activities of the left rACC (magenta), the right DMPFC (orange), as well as the other ROIs depicted in Fig. 1. (B) Lack of learned control over BOLD activity of the left amygdala and other regions for the control (sham) group (CG). The CG subjects received sham rtfMRI-nf based on BOLD activity in the left horizontal segment of the intraparietal sulcus (HIPS), presumably not involved in emotion regulation.</p