3 research outputs found
Comparison of Pharmacy Studentâs and Other Studentsâ Attitude towards Ethical Issues in Professional Practices: A Case of Community Pharmacist
Objective: To compare pharmacy studentâs and other studentsâ attitudetowards ethical issues in professional practices of community pharmacists.Methods: Data were collected from third and fifth year students inpharmacy school, and second and fourth year students in other schools,from 3 universities. Using the self-administered questionnaire, they wereasked to give their opinion from strongly disagree â0â to strongly agree â10âtowards a case study related to pharmacy professional ethics of communitypharmacist. The data were collected during January to February 2007.Results: The sample included 255 pharmacy students and 266 studentsfrom other schools. The results revealed that samples did not agree withthe decision of the community pharmacist in the pharmacy practice casestudy. Pharmacy studentsâ did not agree with the case (1.2 1.9) ratherthan those of other students (2.4 2.8) significantly (P < 0.001). Mostsubjects reflected that practice of the pharmacist affects both patients andsociety since non-pharmacist dispenses the medicine. Although studentsdid not agree with the pharmacist practice, more than 60% of themaccepted the practice with a reason of âthe pharmacist respects the rulethat a pharmacist has a duty to control drug dispensing in a drug store.âConclusion: Studentsâ attitude and acceptance towards ethical issues incommunity pharmacy practice were separated. The students did not takeinto account the purpose of law or pharmacy ethic code in their response.Therefore, academic sectors must focus on developing studentsâ criticalthinking ability.Keywords: professional ethics, community pharmacy, pharmacy students,pharmacy professio
Survey on Trained Pharmacistsâ Practice in Smoking Cessation Counseling - āļŠāļģāļĢāļ§āļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļīāļāļąāļāļīāļāļēāļāđāļŦāđāļāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļīāļāļāļļāļŦāļĢāļĩāđāđāļāļĒāđāļ āļŠāļąāļāļāļēāļŠāļēāļāļēāđāļĨāļīāļāļāļļāļŦāļĢāļĩāđ
Objective: To describe and evaluate the practice of smoking cessation counseling of pharmacists who had been trained in the Thai Pharmacy Network for Tobacco Control (TPNTC) and continued such counseling service.Methods: This descriptive survey study was conducted during December 2008 and February 2009. Sample was all 741 pharmacists trained in the TPNTC program. The mailed questionnaire asked about resulting smoking status of the participating smokers, and characteristics of the practice.Results: Of 270 returned questionnaires, only 166 pharmacists continued the smoking cessation counseling. Forty-eighty percents had been providing the service at least for 24 months. The first two TPNCT counseling programs these pharmacists had taken were the one-day and two-day programs (56.6% and 68.7% respectively). Most pharmacists used smoking cessation pamphlet to promote the service (88.6%) and all of them used it as a tool during the counseling session. Most pharmacists (72.8%) offered smoking cessation products plus behavioral support. Such products included nicotine replacement, bupropion and nortriptyline (66.9%, 48.4% and 35.0%, respectively). By average, 14.6 ( 22.7) persons received the service per year. There were 1.7 ( 3.5) persons per year who were abstinent at least for 1 month. Among pharmacists with at least 12-month service, 11.6% and 10.0%, of their clients were abstinent for 1 month and 1 year respectively.Conclusion: Half of the trained pharmacists continued smoking cessation counseling at least for 24 months. The majorities used pamphlet and behavioral support. Abstinence rate was not high.Keywords: pharmacists, cigarette, smoking cessation, practice, counseling āļāļāļāļąāļāļĒāđāļāļ§āļąāļāļāļļāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļāļāđ: āđāļāļ·āđāļāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļŠāļ āļēāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļĢāļ°āđāļĄāļīāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļīāļāļąāļāļīāļāļēāļāļāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļķāļāļĐāļēāđāļĨāļīāļāļāļļāļŦāļĢāļĩāđāđāļāļĒāđāļ āļŠāļąāļāļāļĢāļāļĩāđāļāđāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļĢāļĄāđāļāļīāļāļāļāļīāļāļąāļāļīāļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļāļĢāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļ āļŠāļąāļāļāļēāļŠāļēāļāļēāđāļĨāļīāļāļāļļāļŦāļĢāļĩāđ āđāļĨāļ°āļĒāļąāļāļāļāđāļŦāđāļāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļīāļāļāļļāļŦāļĢāļĩāđāļāļĒāđāļēāļāļāđāļāđāļāļ·āđāļāļ āļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒāđāļāļīāļāļāļĢāļĢāļāļāļē āđāļāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļģāļĢāļ§āļāđāļāļāđāļ§āļāļāļąāļāļ§āļēāļāļĄ 2551 āļāļķāļāļāļļāļĄāļ āļēāļāļąāļāļāđ 2552 āļāļąāļ§āļāļĒāđāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļ·āļāđāļ āļŠāļąāļāļāļĢāļāļąāđāļāļŦāļĄāļāļāļĩāđāļāđāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļĢāļĄāļāļąāđāļāļŦāļĄāļ 741 āļāļ āļŠāđāļāđāļāļāļŠāļāļāļāļēāļĄāđāļŦāđāļāļļāļāļāļ āļāļēāļĄāļŠāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāđāļŦāđāļāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļīāļāļāļļāļŦāļĢāļĩāđ āļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāđāļŦāđāļāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļīāļāļāļļāļŦāļĢāļĩāđ āđāļĨāļ°āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļāļ°āļāļĪāļāļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđāļŦāđāļāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļīāļāļāļļāļŦāļĢāļĩāđ āļāļīāļāļāļēāļĄāđāļāļāļŠāļāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļēāļāđāļāļĢāļĐāļāļĩāļĒāđāđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļĢāļĻāļąāļāļāđ āļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļāļēāļāđāļāļāļŠāļāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļĩāđāļāļāļāļāļĨāļąāļ 270 āļāļāļąāļ āļĄāļĩāđāļ āļŠāļąāļāļāļĢāļāļĩāđāļĒāļąāļāļāļāđāļŦāđāļāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļīāļāļāļļāļŦāļĢāļĩāđāļāđāļāđāļāļ·āđāļāļ 166 āļāļ āļāļāļĢāđāļāļĒāļĨāļ° 54.8 āđāļŦāđāļāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāđāļāđāļāđ 24 āđāļāļ·āļāļāļāļķāđāļāđāļāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŠāļđāļāļĢāđāļ āļŠāļąāļāļāļĢāđāļāđāļēāļāļāļĢāļĄāļĄāļēāļāļāļĩāđāļŠāļļāļ 2 āļĨāļģāļāļąāļāđāļĢāļāļāļēāļ 5 āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŠāļđāļāļĢ āļāļ·āļ āđāļāļĢāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđāļŦāđāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđāļāļģāļāļĢāļķāļāļĐāļēāđāļāļ°āļāļģāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļīāļāļāļļāļŦāļĢāļĩāđāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļāļāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŠāļđāļāļĢ 1āđāļĨāļ° 2 āļ§āļąāļ (āļĢāđāļāļĒāļĨāļ° 56.6 āđāļĨāļ° 68.7 āļāļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļāļąāļ) āđāļ āļŠāļąāļāļāļĢāļĢāđāļāļĒāļĨāļ° 88.6 āđāļāđāđāļāđāļāļāļąāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļļāđāļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļŠāđāļāđāļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢ āđāļ āļŠāļąāļāļāļĢāļāļļāļāļāļāđāļāđāđāļāđāļāļāļąāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļāļ°āđāļŦāđāļāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļīāļāļāļļāļŦāļĢāļĩāđ āđāļ āļŠāļąāļāļāļĢāļĢāđāļāļĒāļĨāļ° 72.8 āđāļĨāļ·āļāļāđāļāđāļĒāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāļīāļāļ āļąāļāļāđāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļāļāļļāļŦāļĢāļĩāđāļĢāđāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļāļāļĪāļāļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļģāļāļąāļ āļĒāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāļīāļāļ āļąāļāļāđāļāļĩāđāđāļāļĢāļĩāļĒāļĄāđāļŦāđāļāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļīāļāļāļļāļŦāļĢāļĩāđāļāļ·āļ āļŦāļĄāļēāļāļāļĢāļąāļāđ āļāļāđāļāļāļāļīāđāļāļāļīāļ āļāļēāļĄāļāđāļ§āļĒāļĒāļē bupropion āđāļĨāļ° nortriptyline (āļĢāđāļāļĒāļĨāļ° 66.9, 48.4āđāļĨāļ° 35.0 āļāļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļāļąāļ) āļĄāļĩāļāļđāđāļĢāļąāļāļāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļĨāļĩāđāļĒ 14.6 ( 22.7) āļĢāļēāļĒāļāđāļāļāļĩ āļāļđāđāļĢāļąāļāļāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļĩāđāđāļĨāļīāļāļāļļāļŦāļĢāļĩāđāđāļāđāļāļēāļ 1 āđāļāļ·āļāļāđāļāļĨāļĩāđāļĒ 1.7 ( 3.5) āļĢāļēāļĒāļāđāļāļāļĩ āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļāđāļ āļŠāļąāļāļāļĢāļāļĩāđāđāļŦāđāļāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļīāļāļāļļāļŦāļĢāļĩāđāļāļąāđāļāđāļāđ 12 āđāļāļ·āļāļāļāļķāđāļāđāļ āļĄāļĩāļāļđāđāļĢāļąāļāļāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļĩāđāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāđāļĨāļīāļāđāļāđāļāļēāļ 1 āđāļāļ·āļāļ āđāļĨāļ° 1āļāļĩ āđāļāđāļāļĢāđāļāļĒāļĨāļ° 11.6 āđāļĨāļ° 10.0 āļāļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļāļąāļ āļŠāļĢāļļāļ: āđāļ āļŠāļąāļāļāļĢāļāļĩāđāļāđāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļĢāļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļāļāļĢāļķāđāļāļŦāļāļķāđāļāļĒāļąāļāđāļŦāđāļāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļīāļāļāļļāļŦāļĢāļĩāđāļāđāļāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāđāļāļīāļ 24 āđāļāļ·āļāļ āļŠāđāļ§āļāļĄāļēāļāđāļāđāđāļāđāļāļāļąāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļĪāļāļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļģāļāļąāļ āļāļđāđāļĢāļąāļāļāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļīāļāļāļļāļŦāļĢāļĩāđāđāļāđāđāļĄāđāļŠāļđāļāļĄāļēāļāļāļģāļŠāļģāļāļąāļ: āđāļ āļŠāļąāļāļāļĢ, āļāļļāļŦāļĢāļĩāđ, āđāļĨāļīāļāļāļļāļŦāļĢāļĩāđ, āļāļēāļĢāļāļāļīāļāļąāļāļīāļāļēāļ, āļāļēāļĢāđāļŦāđāļāļģāļāļĢāļķāļāļĐāļēāđāļāļ°āļ
Polyethylene Glycol on Stability of Chitosan Microparticulate Carrier for Protein
Stability enhancement of protein-loaded chitosan microparticles under storage was investigated. Chitosan glutamate at 35 kDa and bovine serum albumin as model protein drug were used in this study. The chitosan microparticles were prepared by ionotropic gelation, and polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG 200) was applied after the formation of the particles. All chitosan microparticles were kept at 25°C for 28 days. A comparison was made between those preparations with PEG 200 and without PEG 200. The changes in the physicochemical properties of the microparticles such as size, zeta potential, pH, and percent loading capacity were investigated after 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days of storage. It was found that the stability decreased upon storage and the aggregation of microparticles could be observed for both preparations. The reduction in the zeta potential and the increase in the pH, size, and loading capacity were observed when they were kept at a longer period. The significant change of those preparations without PEG 200 was evident after 7 days of storage whereas those with PEG 200 underwent smaller changes with enhanced stability after 28 days of storage. Therefore, this investigation gave valuable information on the stability enhancement of the microparticles. Hence, enhanced stability of chitosan glutamate microparticles for the delivery of protein could be achieved by the application of PEG 200